{"collection_id":"research:trinity","edges":[{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:batch1:aquinas-gregory-ground-of-distinction","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The comparison is between the saved reconstructions, not evidence that Gregory explicitly criticizes this Aquinas treatment. It does not imply that Aquinas posits independently existing properties, or that Gregory rejects every legitimate use of relational language.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1 Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologiae I.27–43.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§3 Theology, ¶2; §1 Life and Work, ¶¶2–3.","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-gregory-rimini:2026","title":"Gregory of Rimini","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"}],"statement":"Aquinas’s account explains personal distinction relationally within one divine essence. Gregory’s minimalism treats the persons as distinct in themselves, without constituting properties or principles of divine operation distinct from them. The contrast concerns how much explanatory structure is invoked to account for personal distinction while preserving simplicity.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-rimini:trinitarian-minimalism"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:batch1:augustine-gregory-psychological-explanation","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"Finite analogies in Augustine are not identical to a constitutive explanation through divine operations. The contrast therefore distinguishes explanatory roles rather than treating Gregory as directly refuting Augustine or Augustine as claiming that his analogies adequately describe divine life.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; discussion of De Trinitate books X, XIV and XV.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§3 Theology, ¶2; §1 Life and Work, ¶¶2–3.","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-gregory-rimini:2026","title":"Gregory of Rimini","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"}],"statement":"Augustine’s treatment retains psychological analogies as inadequate aids to contemplation alongside relational predication. Gregory’s minimalism rejects explaining the persons through divine intellect and will. The accounts give different roles to psychological models in approaching personal distinction.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-rimini:trinitarian-minimalism"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:batch1:boethius-abelard-predication-identity","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The parallel concerns the function of logical distinctions, not identity between their logical theories. It does not turn the InPhO thinker connection into evidence that Abelard adopted this exact Boethian argument, or claim that either treatment resolves the doctrine.","predicate":"conceptual_parallel","source":"local:treatment:boethius:trinity-predication","sources":[{"attribution":"John Marenbon","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-boethius:2026-10-13","locator":"§4 The Theological Treatises, ¶¶1–5; Treatise I, On the Trinity","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-boethius-current","title":"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/"},{"attribution":"Peter King and Andrew Arlig","capture_id":"local:source:sep-abelard:fall2026:2026-10-13","locator":"SEP §7, Theology, especially discussion of identity and Theologia Christiana; Buytaert, “Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine,” pp. 139–140.","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-abelard:fall2026","title":"Peter Abelard","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2026/entries/abelard/"}],"statement":"Both accounts introduce distinctions in how divine unity and personal difference are stated: Boethius separates intrinsic from relational predication, while Abelard distinguishes essential sameness from differences in definition and property. Logical distinctions do explanatory work without treating the persons as separate divine substances.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:abelard:identity-and-attributes"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:02:two-models-origen","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"This is a contrast between the saved reconstructions, not proof that Gregory answers Origen or that either summary exhausts their theology.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-nyssa:two-models","sources":[{"attribution":"Donald L. Ross","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-gregory-nyssa:2026-10-12","locator":"Section 5, History, especially discussion of the Trinity and Great Catechism 2","rights":"IEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-gregory-nyssa","title":"Gregory of Nyssa","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/gregoryn/"},{"attribution":"Edward Moore","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-origen:trinity:2026-10-12","locator":"3a The Trinity; sections 1 and 5 for textual transmission and chronology context","rights":"Reference-only philosophy encyclopedia article; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-origen","title":"Origen of Alexandria","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/origen-of-alexandria/"}],"statement":"Origen presents an ordered triad with derivative Son and Spirit, whereas Gregory stresses one divine nature and inseparable operation of the three.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:origen"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:03:two-models-trinity-unity","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The frameworks and questions differ; this does not establish a direct genealogy or equate Gregory’s operation with Dionysian procession.","predicate":"conceptual_parallel","source":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-nyssa:two-models","sources":[{"attribution":"Donald L. Ross","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-gregory-nyssa:2026-10-12","locator":"Section 5, History, especially discussion of the Trinity and Great Catechism 2","rights":"IEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-gregory-nyssa","title":"Gregory of Nyssa","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/gregoryn/"},{"attribution":"Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington","capture_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023:2026-10-13","locator":"§1 on the author and dating; §3.2 on On the Divine Names; §4.1(a) on the One, Trinity, being and divine love.","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"}],"statement":"Both accounts hold divine unity together with differentiated Trinitarian expression: Gregory stresses common nature and inseparable operation, while Pseudo-Dionysius reworks unity beyond determinate being and describes divine love as unifying creation.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:pseudo-dionysius:trinity-unity"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:06:aquinas-augustine","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"This is a comparison of scholarly reconstructions, not a claim that Aquinas’s account is simply Augustine’s or that it resolves the same objections.","predicate":"conceptual_parallel","source":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1 Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologiae I.27–43.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"statement":"Both accounts explain personal distinction through relations within one simple divine essence. Augustine provides relational predication and limited psychological analogies; Aquinas develops a more explicit account of relations and processions as constitutive of the persons.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:09:identity-and-attributes-augustine","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The summaries do not establish a direct exchange, and the contrast should not flatten Augustine’s relational account or Abelard’s historically contested reconstruction.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:abelard:identity-and-attributes","sources":[{"attribution":"Peter King and Andrew Arlig","capture_id":"local:source:sep-abelard:fall2026:2026-10-13","locator":"SEP §7, Theology, especially discussion of identity and Theologia Christiana; Buytaert, “Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine,” pp. 139–140.","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-abelard:fall2026","title":"Peter Abelard","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2026/entries/abelard/"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"statement":"Abelard’s account organizes divine attributes in a threefold mapping and sharpens distinctions of sameness and difference; Augustine’s saved overview centers relational predication and assigns psychological analogies a limited role. They offer different analytic routes for articulating unity and distinction.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:10:aquinas-trinity-monotheism","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"Aquinas’s account is a medieval relational metaphysics, whereas the modern proposal is a social model. This does not establish a direct response or settle either account’s coherence.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1 Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologiae I.27–43.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-model:fall2012:2026-10-13","locator":"Section 3.3, “Trinity Monotheist Social Trinitarianism”; bibliography entry for Moreland and Craig 2003.","rights":"SEP reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-model:fall2012","title":"Trinity","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/trinity/"}],"statement":"Aquinas explains distinction through relations within one essence; Moreland and Craig model one divine soul with three person-sufficient cognitive centers. These are contrasting ways to explain how three persons are one God.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:moreland-craig:trinity-monotheism"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:11:aquinas-trinity-unity","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The saved accounts work at different explanatory levels; this is not a claim that Dionysius anticipates Aquinas’s relational metaphysics.","predicate":"conceptual_parallel","source":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1 Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologiae I.27–43.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington","capture_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023:2026-10-13","locator":"§1 on the author and dating; §3.2 on On the Divine Names; §4.1(a) on the One, Trinity, being and divine love.","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"}],"statement":"Aquinas articulates personal distinction within one divine essence through relations; Pseudo-Dionysius reframes divine unity and beyond-beingness so that Trinitarian expression and divine love remain thinkable. Both negotiate unity and differentiated expression.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:pseudo-dionysius:trinity-unity"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:12:aquinas-tertullian","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The comparison marks different historical formulations, not a direct dispute. Shared Trinitarian vocabulary does not make Tertullian’s account equivalent to later pro-Nicene doctrine.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1 Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologiae I.27–43.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:tertullian:2026-10-12","locator":"3.1.2 Tertullian","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"statement":"Tertullian’s account preserves the Father’s unique source role and an ordered, subordinate agency; Aquinas explains personal distinction within the one simple essence through relations and processions.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:tertullian"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:14:augustine-trinity-monotheism","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"Augustine’s analogies are explicitly limited aids to contemplation, not a social model of three centers; the comparison must not treat them as equivalent theories.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-model:fall2012:2026-10-13","locator":"Section 3.3, “Trinity Monotheist Social Trinitarianism”; bibliography entry for Moreland and Craig 2003.","rights":"SEP reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-model:fall2012","title":"Trinity","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/trinity/"}],"statement":"Augustine combines relational distinction with limited psychological analogies; Moreland and Craig propose three person-sufficient centers of consciousness within one divine soul. Their accounts assign different explanatory weight to psychological structure.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:moreland-craig:trinity-monotheism"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:15:augustine-origen","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The comparison uses modern reconstructions of distinct historical settings and does not establish a direct line of influence.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Edward Moore","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-origen:trinity:2026-10-12","locator":"3a The Trinity; sections 1 and 5 for textual transmission and chronology context","rights":"Reference-only philosophy encyclopedia article; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-origen","title":"Origen of Alexandria","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/origen-of-alexandria/"}],"statement":"Augustine’s account emphasizes one simple essence, relational predication and limited psychological analogy; Origen’s saved account presents an ordered triad with derivative relations and differentiated activity.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:origen"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:17:trinity-predication-aquinas","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"This broader comparison complements the already recorded Boethius–Aquinas focused identity link; it does not imply Aquinas borrows Boethius’s exact category analysis.","predicate":"conceptual_parallel","source":"local:treatment:boethius:trinity-predication","sources":[{"attribution":"John Marenbon","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-boethius:2026-10-13","locator":"§4 The Theological Treatises, ¶¶1–5; Treatise I, On the Trinity","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-boethius-current","title":"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1 Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologiae I.27–43.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"statement":"Boethius distinguishes intrinsic from relational predication about God; Aquinas develops relations and processions as the basis for personal distinction. Both use distinctions in predication to explain unity and relation in Trinitarian discourse.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:18:trinity-predication-augustine","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The accounts are not identical: Boethius’s category analysis and Augustine’s account of relations address different arguments. No direct textual dependence is asserted.","predicate":"conceptual_parallel","source":"local:treatment:boethius:trinity-predication","sources":[{"attribution":"John Marenbon","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-boethius:2026-10-13","locator":"§4 The Theological Treatises, ¶¶1–5; Treatise I, On the Trinity","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-boethius-current","title":"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"statement":"Boethius distinguishes intrinsic predicates from relational names such as Father and Son; Augustine likewise distinguishes essential predicates from relational predication of the persons. Both use predicative distinctions to preserve divine unity while speaking of personal difference.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:20:gregory-nyssa-trinity-unity","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The shared doctrinal problem does not establish direct transmission or make the Cappadocian account equivalent to Dionysian Neoplatonic language.","predicate":"conceptual_parallel","source":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-nyssa","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:nicene:2026-10-12","locator":"3.3.1 Gregory of Nyssa, discussion of To Ablabius and the three-human analogy","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington","capture_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023:2026-10-13","locator":"§1 on the author and dating; §3.2 on On the Divine Names; §4.1(a) on the One, Trinity, being and divine love.","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"}],"statement":"Gregory explains unity through shared nature and inseparable operation; Pseudo-Dionysius describes divine unity beyond determinate being while allowing Trinitarian expression and unifying love. The accounts illuminate different ways of holding unity and distinction together.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:pseudo-dionysius:trinity-unity"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:strong2:22:relational-predication-trinitarian-minimalism","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"Gregory’s position is a specific Praepositinian minimalism, not a general medieval view; the comparison does not claim he directly rejects Augustine.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine:relational-predication","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§3 Theology, ¶2; §1 Life and Work, ¶¶2–3.","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-gregory-rimini:2026","title":"Gregory of Rimini","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"}],"statement":"Augustine explains personal distinction through relational predication within the simple essence; Gregory of Rimini treats persons as distinct without constituting properties or divine-operation principles distinct from them. The contrast is between a relational account and a minimalism that resists such explanatory intermediaries.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-rimini:trinitarian-minimalism"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:swinburne-leftow-divine-agency","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The summaries represent contested contemporary models. Conceptual opposition alone does not establish a direct published exchange, a specific criticism by one author of the other, or a settled solution to the logical problem.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:swinburne:social-trinitarianism","sources":[{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"Section 2.1, Trinity; discussion of social models and Swinburne (1994).","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"},{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"Section 2.1, Trinity; Leftow (2004), “A Latin Trinity.”","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"},{"attribution":"Brian Leftow","capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Abstract and publication details","rights":"Bibliographic and abstract reference only; no article text copied.","source_id":"local:source:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","title":"A Latin Trinity","url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"statement":"Swinburne’s model distinguishes centers of consciousness, will and action whose coordination must secure unity; Leftow’s model posits one divine agent, will and action while explaining personal distinction. Divine agency is the precise comparison point.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:leftow:latin-trinitarianism"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:comparison:trinity:tertullian-augustine-source-and-unity","layer":"treatment_comparison","limitations":"The Tertullian reconstruction is contested, and Augustine’s analogy is explicitly inadequate. This does not establish that Augustine responds directly to Tertullian or that shared-substance language has one unchanged meaning across them.","predicate":"contrasts_with","source":"local:treatment:trinity:tertullian","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:tertullian:2026-10-12","locator":"3.1.2 Tertullian","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; discussion of De Trinitate books X, XIV and XV.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"statement":"Tertullian’s saved account distinguishes subordinate agents from an ultimate Father; Augustine’s account uses a differentiated unity of mind as an analogy for the Trinity. Their ways of holding together unity and distinction offer contrasting entry points.","status":"model_inferred_comparison","target":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine"},{"directional":true,"id":"local:relation:trinity:aquinas-develops-augustine-relational-predication","layer":"treatment_relation","limitations":"One scholarly reconstruction from a shared source; no primary passage was inspected for this comparison. 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Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"statement":"Aquinas develops Augustine’s account of personal distinction through relations, specifying relations as constitutive of and distinguishing the persons within the one divine essence.","status":"provisional_scholarly_account","target":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine:relational-predication"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:structure:frontier5:aquinas:relations-and-persons","layer":"treatment_structure","limitations":"","predicate":"has_component","source":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas","sources":[],"statement":"Separates Aquinas’s account of relations and processions as a focused component of the broader treatment.","status":"editorial_structure","target":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas:relations-and-persons"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:structure:trinity:augustine:mind-knowledge-love","layer":"treatment_structure","limitations":"","predicate":"has_component","source":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine","sources":[],"statement":"Separates the Book IX mind–knowledge–love analogy as a navigable component of the overview; this is editorial composition, not historical influence or derivation.","status":"editorial_structure","target":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine:mind-knowledge-love"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:structure:trinity:augustine:relational-predication","layer":"treatment_structure","limitations":"","predicate":"has_component","source":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine","sources":[],"statement":"Separates Augustine's account of essential and relational predication from the overview's psychological analogies; this is editorial composition, not historical influence or derivation.","status":"editorial_structure","target":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine:relational-predication"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:structure:trinity:gregory-nyssa:two-models","layer":"treatment_structure","limitations":"","predicate":"has_component","source":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-nyssa","sources":[],"statement":"Editorially separates Ross’s two-model reconstruction from the existing broad overview and incarnation-history component; this is a navigation structure, not a historical influence or derivation claim.","status":"editorial_structure","target":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-nyssa:two-models"},{"directional":false,"id":"local:structure:trinity:hegel:self-mediation","layer":"treatment_structure","limitations":"","predicate":"has_component","source":"local:treatment:trinity:hegel","sources":[],"statement":"The overview combines a logical account of differentiation with a distinct account of representation's transition to conceptual form. 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This replaces the earlier unknown-date record after an additional biographical-source lookup.","latest_year":1956,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:ens-leftow-biography:2026-10-13","locator":"Speaker biography; biographical summary","source_title":"Brian Leftow - Institut Jean-Nicod / Savoirs ENS","source_url":"https://www.savoirs.ens.fr/conferencier.php?id=2841"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"born in 1956","target_id":"local:entity:brian-leftow","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:brian-leftow","kind":"person","label":"Brian Leftow","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Profile; Publications, especially A Latin Trinity and Time-travel and the Trinity","title":"Brian Leftow — University of Oxford Faculty of Philosophy","url":"https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/brian-leftow"},{"attribution":"Savoirs ENS, Institut Jean-Nicod","capture_id":"local:capture:ens-leftow-biography:2026-10-13","locator":"Speaker biography; biographical summary","rights":"Reference-only institutional biographical consultation; no page text copied.","source_id":"local:source:ens-leftow-biography","title":"Brian Leftow - Institut Jean-Nicod / Savoirs ENS","url":"https://www.savoirs.ens.fr/conferencier.php?id=2841"}],"summary":"Brian Leftow works in medieval philosophy, metaphysics, and philosophy of religion. His publications connect historical theology with contemporary analytic questions, including divine necessity, eternity, and the Trinity; A Latin Trinity is a prominent contribution to current debate about how three divine persons can be one God."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"This is a broad concept-family node. The relevant chronology belongs to Plato’s dialogue and later treatments, rather than to one timeless date for the concept.","dates":[],"id":"local:entity:demiurge-intelligible-model","kind":"concept_family","label":"Demiurge and intelligible model","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. The Demiurge and the model","title":"Plato’s Timaeus — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/plato-timaeus/"},{"attribution":"Frank Grabowski","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-timaeus:packet7:2026-10-12","locator":"Section 6c, 27c–30d; section 2, composition chronology","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for research, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-timaeus","title":"Plato: The Timaeus","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/timaeus/"}],"summary":"In Plato’s Timaeus, the Demiurge orders the cosmos by looking to an eternal intelligible model. The account presents cosmic order as purposive and mathematical, while leaving open interpretive questions about whether the craftsman and model should be read literally or as explanatory figures."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"A family of theories developed over time, not a single dated proposition; chronological placement belongs to specific treatments and formulations.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Robert Pasnau; Dale Tuggy","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:aquinas-idea-attestation","earliest_year":1267,"event":"attestation","explanation":"A dated instance in Aquinas’s treatment; not the concept’s origin date.","latest_year":1273,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-aquinas:fall2024:chronology","locator":"Bibliography A1, Summa theologiae","source_title":"Thomas Aquinas","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/aquinas/"},{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1, Thomas Aquinas; Summa theologiae I.27–43","source_title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Summa theologiae, composition circa 1267–1273","target_id":"local:entity:divine-relations-and-trinitarian-persons","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:divine-relations-and-trinitarian-persons","kind":"concept_family","label":"Divine relations and Trinitarian persons","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. Trinity Theories; 3. Theories of the Trinity","title":"Trinity — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2026 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/trinity/"},{"attribution":"Robert Pasnau","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-aquinas:fall2024:chronology","locator":"Bibliography A1, Summa theologiae","rights":"Reference-only consultation; copyrighted SEP article text not stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-aquinas:fall2024:chronology","title":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/aquinas/"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1, Thomas Aquinas; Summa theologiae I.27–43","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Trinitarian theories explain how Father, Son, and Spirit are distinct and how each is related to the one God. Some accounts emphasize relations of origin, while others focus on persons or agents; the central challenge is to preserve both distinction and monotheism without collapsing one into the other."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"A cross-tradition concept-family with a long history, not one event or work date; date its historical uses through linked thinker treatments.","dates":[],"id":"local:entity:divine-simplicity","kind":"concept_family","label":"Divine simplicity","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. Motivation; discussion of the Trinity","title":"Divine Simplicity — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/divine-simplicity/"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Sections 3.3.2 and 4.1, Augustine and Aquinas on divine simplicity","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Divine simplicity is the claim that God is not composed of parts and is not really distinct from the divine attributes, nature, or existence. It appears in Christian, Jewish, Greek, and Islamic traditions, with different arguments and implications; its relation to the Trinity is itself disputed."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced lifespan dates; the SEP gives Gregory's dates approximately as ca. 335–ca. 395.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Dale Tuggy","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:gregory-nyssa:birth","earliest_year":335,"event":"birth","explanation":"Approximate birth year reported by the reference.","latest_year":335,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:nicene:2026-10-12","locator":"3.3.1 Gregory of Nyssa","source_title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:entity:gregory-nyssa","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:gregory-nyssa","kind":"person","label":"Gregory of Nyssa","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"3.3 The pro-Nicene Consensus; 3.3.1 Gregory of Nyssa","title":"Trinity > History of Trinitarian Doctrines — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:nicene:2026-10-12","locator":"3.3.1 Gregory of Nyssa","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Gregory of Nyssa helped shape pro-Nicene Trinitarian language, distinguishing the one divine nature from the three hypostases. In To Ablabius, he argues that divine action toward creation is one operation originating from the Father, proceeding through the Son, and completed in the Spirit; interpretations of his analogies remain contested."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing approximate date fields; the SEP notes that much of his biography must be reconstructed from limited evidence.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:entity:gregory-of-rimini:birth-date","earliest_year":1300,"event":"birth","explanation":"The SEP estimates the birth year from the chronology in a papal letter; stored as circa 1300.","latest_year":1300,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":true,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§1 Life and Work, ¶2","source_title":"Gregory of Rimini","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"born in Rimini around 1300","target_id":"local:entity:gregory-of-rimini","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:gregory-of-rimini","kind":"person","label":"Gregory of Rimini","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. Life and Work; account of his theology and influence","title":"Gregory of Rimini — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/gregory-rimini/"},{"attribution":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§1 Life and Work, ¶2","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-gregory-rimini:2026","title":"Gregory of Rimini","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"}],"summary":"Gregory of Rimini synthesized Oxford and Paris scholastic developments and became one of the major late medieval theologians. His work combined Augustinian commitments with analysis of propositions and their objects; his treatment of grace and predestination made him a consequential figure in later debates."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced lifespan dates for timeline placement; this orientation card adds no chronological claim.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Paul Redding","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:hegel:birth","earliest_year":1770,"event":"birth","explanation":"Birth year reported in the reference biography.","latest_year":1770,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-hegel:2024","locator":"Introduction and 1. Life, Work, and Influence","source_title":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/hegel/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:entity:hegel","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:hegel","kind":"person","label":"G. W. F. Hegel","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. Life, Work, and Influence; 2. Hegel's Philosophy","title":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (revised 2025)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/"},{"attribution":"Paul Redding","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-hegel:2024","locator":"Introduction and 1. Life, Work, and Influence","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; reference-only consultation, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-hegel:2024","title":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/hegel/"},{"attribution":"Paul Redding","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-hegel:2024","locator":"Religion section: posthumous reception after Hegel's death in 1831","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; reference-only consultation, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-hegel:2024","title":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/hegel/"}],"summary":"Hegel developed a systematic philosophy from a logical starting point, spanning logic, nature, spirit, and history. The SEP situates him in German idealism and traces a philosophical development from his early association with Schelling toward the Phenomenology of Spirit and his mature system."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date fields; the university profile is used for current academic role and research context.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Wikipedia contributors","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:jp-moreland:birth","earliest_year":1948,"event":"birth","explanation":"The cited Wikipedia revision reports 9 March 1948; stored date precision is limited to the year in the current model.","latest_year":1948,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:wikipedia-jp-moreland:1378424570","locator":"Infobox and lead","source_title":"J. P. Moreland","source_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._P._Moreland&oldid=1378424570"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"March 9, 1948","target_id":"local:entity:jp-moreland","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:jp-moreland","kind":"person","label":"J. P. Moreland","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Biography; Research Interests; Books and publications","title":"J. P. Moreland — Biola University","url":"https://www.biola.edu/directory/people/jp-moreland"},{"attribution":"Wikipedia contributors","capture_id":"local:capture:wikipedia-jp-moreland:1378424570","locator":"Infobox and lead","rights":"Wikipedia article; reference-only consultation, no text stored.","source_id":"local:source:wikipedia-jp-moreland:1378424570","title":"J. P. Moreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._P._Moreland&oldid=1378424570"}],"summary":"J. P. Moreland is a contemporary philosopher working across philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and Christian philosophy. His publications include work in natural theology and a co-edited companion to natural theology; in this collection he provides a modern analytic setting for arguments about Christian doctrine."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced lifespan dates; the cited SEP discussion places Justin's death around 165 CE.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Dale Tuggy","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:justin:death","earliest_year":165,"event":"death","explanation":"Approximate death year reported by SEP; not the treatment's date.","latest_year":165,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:logos-packet:2026-10-12","locator":"1. Introduction","source_title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:entity:justin","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:justin","kind":"person","label":"Justin Martyr","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"3.1.1 The One God in the Trinity; discussion of Justin Martyr","title":"Trinity > History of Trinitarian Doctrines — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:logos-packet:2026-10-12","locator":"1. Introduction","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Justin Martyr sought to show that Christianity could be understood as the true philosophy and drew on Greek philosophical language. His account of the Logos and Spirit includes an ordered triad, but the SEP cautions that this is not yet the later doctrine of a triune God; it is useful as an earlier, adjacent configuration."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Daniel A. Di Liscia","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:kepler:birth:frontier8-b6","earliest_year":1571,"event":"birth","explanation":"Biographical date.","latest_year":1571,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":true,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","locator":"1. Life and Works ¶1","source_title":"Kepler","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kepler/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"born 27 December 1571","target_id":"local:entity:kepler","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:kepler","kind":"person","label":"Johannes Kepler","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"attribution":"Daniel A. Di Liscia","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","locator":"1. Life and Works ¶1","rights":"Reference-only consultation; SEP article text is not redistributed.","source_id":"local:source:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","title":"Kepler","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kepler/"},{"attribution":"Daniel A. Di Liscia","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","locator":"1. Life and Works ¶4","rights":"Reference-only consultation; SEP article text is not redistributed.","source_id":"local:source:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","title":"Kepler","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kepler/"}],"summary":"Explore the connected treatments for this record."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"A later scholarly category applied to a varied historical tradition; date its individual thinkers and formulations instead.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"William Wood; Brian Leftow","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:latin-idea-attestation","earliest_year":2004,"event":"attestation","explanation":"A dated instance of the model, not the origin date of Latin Trinitarianism.","latest_year":2004,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Leftow (2004)","source_title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"},{"capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Publication details","source_title":"A Latin Trinity","source_url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Leftow 2004, “A Latin Trinity”","target_id":"local:entity:latin-trinitarianism","work_id":null,"work_label":null},{"attributed_to":"William Wood; Brian Leftow","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:latin-trinitarianism:attestation","earliest_year":2004,"event":"attestation","explanation":"A dated instance in Leftow’s article, not the origin date of Latin Trinitarianism.","latest_year":2004,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Leftow 2004","source_title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"},{"capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Publication details and abstract","source_title":"A Latin Trinity","source_url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Leftow 2004, “A Latin Trinity”","target_id":"local:entity:latin-trinitarianism","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:latin-trinitarianism","kind":"concept_family","label":"Latin Trinitarianism","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"2.2 20th-Century Theologians and ‘Social’ Theories; 3.1 Latin Theories","title":"Trinity — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2026 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/trinity/"},{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Leftow 2004","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"},{"attribution":"Brian Leftow","capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Publication details and abstract","rights":"Bibliographic and abstract reference only; no article text copied.","source_id":"local:source:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","title":"A Latin Trinity","url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"},{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Leftow (2004)","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"},{"attribution":"Brian Leftow","capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Publication details","rights":"Bibliographic and abstract reference only; no article text copied.","source_id":"local:source:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","title":"A Latin Trinity","url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"summary":"‘Latin Trinitarianism’ is a modern label for influential Western accounts that often begin from divine unity and explain how the three persons are distinct within it. The label can obscure diversity and historical complexity; current scholarship cautions against treating it as a simple opposite to Greek or social models."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"The term has distinct histories across traditions; chronology should be represented by dated treatments rather than a single date on this umbrella node.","dates":[],"id":"local:entity:logos","kind":"concept_family","label":"Logos","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"4.3 Powers of God and logos; see also 5. Philo’s Legacy","title":"Philo of Alexandria — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/philo/"},{"attribution":"Marian Hillar","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-philo:2026-10-12","locator":"Section 11 introduction","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; reference-only consultation, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-philo","title":"Philo of Alexandria","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/philo/"}],"summary":"Logos can mean word, account, reason, or ordering principle, with its meaning changing across Greek philosophy, Hellenistic Jewish thought, and Christian theology. Philo uses it to explain divine action and the intelligible ordering of creation; early Christians connect Logos language with Christ, though the accounts are not interchangeable."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"The graph date marks Augustine’s attestation in De Trinitate (399–422 CE); it does not claim to date the origin of the broader mental-analogy tradition.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:mental-analogy:de-trinitate-attestation","earliest_year":399,"event":"attestation","explanation":"Placed by the SEP-reported composition window for De Trinitate, in which Augustine’s mind/knowledge/love and memory/understanding/will analogies are discussed. This dates the cited Augustinian attestation, not the origin of the broader analogy family.","latest_year":422,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2, Augustine’s psychological analogies in De Trinitate, Books VIII–XV","source_title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-augustine:spr2019:2026-10-12","locator":"De Trinitate chronology in the work list","source_title":"Augustine","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/augustine/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"De Trinitate composed 399–422 CE","target_id":"local:entity:mental-analogy","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:mental-analogy","kind":"concept_family","label":"Mental analogy","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"3.3.2 Augustine; discussion of psychological analogies","title":"Trinity > History of Trinitarian Doctrines — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2, Augustine’s psychological analogies in De Trinitate, Books VIII–XV","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-augustine:spr2019:2026-10-12","locator":"De Trinitate chronology in the work list","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for work chronology only; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-augustine:spr2019","title":"Augustine","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/augustine/"}],"summary":"The mental analogy uses features of the human mind—such as memory, understanding, and will—to explore unity and distinction in the Trinity. Augustine’s account became especially influential, but analogies are aids to interpretation and do not make a human mind equivalent to the divine life."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing approximate chronology; the SEP places Numenius in the mid-second century CE and notes that his works survive only in fragments.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"George Karamanolis","basis":"author_activity_context","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:numenius:activity","earliest_year":140,"event":"author_activity_context","explanation":"Approximate period of philosophical activity, not a birth/death date or the composition date of a specific work.","latest_year":160,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"§1, Life and Work","source_title":"Numenius","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"philosophical activity around the middle of the second century CE","target_id":"local:entity:numenius","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:numenius","kind":"person","label":"Numenius","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. Life and Work; Numenius' Platonism","title":"Numenius — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/numenius/"},{"attribution":"George Karamanolis","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"§1, Life and Work","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-numenius:current","title":"Numenius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"}],"summary":"Numenius was a Middle Platonist whose surviving fragments describe a hierarchical metaphysics of intelligible principles and soul. Later Platonists, especially Plotinus, engaged his ideas, while early Christian writers such as Origen and Eusebius read his account of three principles as a possible precursor to Christian Trinitarian thought; that is a historical interpretation, not identity with the doctrine."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced lifespan dates for timeline placement; this orientation card adds no chronological claim.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Edward Moore","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:origen:birth","earliest_year":185,"event":"birth","explanation":"The IEP infers an approximate birth date of 185/6 CE from Eusebius's chronology.","latest_year":186,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:iep-origen:trinity:2026-10-12","locator":"1 Origen's Life and Times","source_title":"Origen of Alexandria","source_url":"https://iep.utm.edu/origen-of-alexandria/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:entity:origen","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:origen","kind":"person","label":"Origen","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. Origen's Life and Work; 3. Doctrine of God","title":"Origen — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (revised 2026)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/origen/"},{"attribution":"Edward Moore","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-origen:trinity:2026-10-12","locator":"1 Origen's Life and Times","rights":"Reference-only philosophy encyclopedia article; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-origen","title":"Origen of Alexandria","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/origen-of-alexandria/"}],"summary":"Origen combined Christian scriptural interpretation with Greek philosophy, using philosophical learning to interpret and harmonize scripture. The SEP describes his account of three eternal, incorporeal divine hypostases and distinguishes the Father, Son or Logos, and Spirit; it also notes uncertainty in parts of his biography and later reports about his teaching."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced lifespan dates; the SEP gives Abelard's life as 1079–1142.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Peter King and Andrew Arlig","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:abelard:birth","earliest_year":1079,"event":"birth","explanation":"SEP gives Abelard’s birth around 1079; current date precision is limited to the year.","latest_year":1079,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:source:sep-abelard:fall2026:2026-10-13","locator":"§1.1, Life","source_title":"Peter Abelard","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2026/entries/abelard/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"around 1079","target_id":"local:entity:peter-abelard","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:peter-abelard","kind":"person","label":"Peter Abelard","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; Theology; Sic et non and its method","title":"Peter Abelard — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/abelard/"},{"attribution":"Peter King and Andrew Arlig","capture_id":"local:source:sep-abelard:fall2026:2026-10-13","locator":"§1.1, Life","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-abelard:fall2026","title":"Peter Abelard","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2026/entries/abelard/"}],"summary":"Abelard used logic and dialectical method to clarify religious claims, most visibly by arranging apparently conflicting authoritative statements in Sic et non and asking readers to distinguish their meanings and contexts. His speculative theology includes a distinctive account of the Trinity that drew controversy and condemnation."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced lifespan dates for timeline placement; the SEP notes that Philo's precise dates are uncertain.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Marian Hillar","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:philo:birth","earliest_year":-20,"event":"birth","explanation":"Approximate birth, from IEP heading; signed BCE year corrects the selected source record's unsigned value.","latest_year":-20,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:iep-philo:2026-10-12","locator":"Article heading","source_title":"Philo of Alexandria","source_url":"https://iep.utm.edu/philo/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:entity:philo","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:philo","kind":"person","label":"Philo of Alexandria","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. The Man and His Work; 4.3 Powers of God and logos","title":"Philo of Alexandria — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/philo/"},{"attribution":"Marian Hillar","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-philo:2026-10-12","locator":"Article heading","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; reference-only consultation, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-philo","title":"Philo of Alexandria","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/philo/"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:logos-packet:2026-10-12","locator":"1. Introduction","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Philo was a Jewish thinker in Roman-era Alexandria who interpreted scripture through Greek philosophical language. The SEP describes his account of logos within a theology of divine transcendence and his view that human existence and freedom depend on God; his dates and philosophical classification remain debated."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced lifespan dates for timeline placement; this orientation card adds no chronological claim.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:plato:birth:timaeus","earliest_year":-428,"event":"birth","explanation":"Qualified conventional birth range from the IEP Plato biography; alternative ancient chronologies are noted there.","latest_year":-427,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:iep-plato:2026-10-12","locator":"Biography, section 1a, Birth","source_title":"Plato","source_url":"https://iep.utm.edu/plato/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"428/7 BCE","target_id":"local:entity:plato","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:plato","kind":"person","label":"Plato","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. Plato's central doctrines; 2. Plato's puzzles","title":"Plato — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (revised 2026)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/"},{"attribution":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-plato:2026-10-12","locator":"Biography, section 1a, Birth","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for biographical chronology, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-plato","title":"Plato","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/plato/"}],"summary":"Plato's dialogues examine ethical, political, metaphysical, and epistemological questions, often through Socrates and open-ended argument. The SEP highlights Forms and the distinction between particulars and what they are, while cautioning against reading the dialogues as straightforward statements of one fixed doctrine."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Retains the graph's existing approximate chronology. The SEP distinguishes the historical author (late fifth/early sixth century) from the first-century identity assumed by the text.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"InPhO Project","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:pseudo-dionysius:inpho-birth","earliest_year":500,"event":"birth","explanation":"Retained as the InPhO record’s source-attributed date. SEP identifies the author as pseudonymous and gives a different work-authorship interval, so this is not a secure personal birth year.","latest_year":500,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"inpho:source:a1db91086074bd3246bc20ad36ef3d9639aaa7e98237d067b14a29bd499b7e4d","locator":"/birth[0]; /birth_strings[0]","source_title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite — InPhO record","source_url":"https://www.inphoproject.org/thinker/3758.json"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"500","target_id":"local:entity:pseudo-dionysius","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:pseudo-dionysius","kind":"person","label":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"1. Dionysius: Persona; 3.1 Theological Representations; 4.1 Sources, Ideas, and Terms","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (revised 2023)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"},{"attribution":"InPhO Project","capture_id":"inpho:source:a1db91086074bd3246bc20ad36ef3d9639aaa7e98237d067b14a29bd499b7e4d","locator":"/birth[0]; /birth_strings[0]","rights":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0; reference and identity provenance only.","source_id":"atlas:source:inpho:thinker:3758","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite — InPhO record","url":"https://www.inphoproject.org/thinker/3758.json"},{"attribution":"InPhO Project","capture_id":"inpho:source:a1db91086074bd3246bc20ad36ef3d9639aaa7e98237d067b14a29bd499b7e4d","locator":"/death[0]; /death_strings[0]","rights":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0; reference and identity provenance only.","source_id":"atlas:source:inpho:thinker:3758","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite — InPhO record","url":"https://www.inphoproject.org/thinker/3758.json"}],"summary":"Pseudo-Dionysius recast late Neoplatonic ideas in a Christian theology of the triune God, divine names, hierarchy, procession, and return. His works became highly influential while their attribution to Paul’s first-century convert was later rejected; the SEP locates the author in the late fifth or early sixth century."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date fields; the Academy profile is used for research area and publication context.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Gifford Lectures Archive","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:swinburne:birth","earliest_year":1934,"event":"birth","explanation":"Birth date given in the Gifford Lectures biographical account.","latest_year":1934,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:gifford-swinburne:2026-10-13","locator":"Biography, opening paragraph","source_title":"Richard Granville Swinburne — Gifford Lectures biography","source_url":"https://giffordarchives.org/lecturers/richard-granville-swinburne"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"26 December 1934","target_id":"local:entity:richard-swinburne","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:richard-swinburne","kind":"person","label":"Richard Swinburne","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Subject areas; Current post; Publications","title":"Professor Richard Swinburne FBA — The British Academy","url":"https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/profiles/richard-swinburne-FBA/"},{"attribution":"Gifford Lectures Archive","capture_id":"local:capture:gifford-swinburne:2026-10-13","locator":"Biography, opening paragraph","rights":"Reference-only biographical consultation; no page text copied.","source_id":"local:source:gifford-swinburne:profile","title":"Richard Granville Swinburne — Gifford Lectures biography","url":"https://giffordarchives.org/lecturers/richard-granville-swinburne"}],"summary":"Richard Swinburne is a philosopher of religion whose work develops a systematic defense of theism, addressing divine attributes, religious belief, and the existence of God. His publications also treat incarnation and the Christian conception of God, providing a contemporary analytic context for the collection's theological nodes."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"A modern family of theories, not a single dated doctrine; date its authors and formulations through treatments.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"William Wood","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:social-idea-attestation","earliest_year":1994,"event":"attestation","explanation":"A dated instance of the model in the cited work, not the origin date of social Trinitarianism.","latest_year":1994,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Swinburne (1994)","source_title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Swinburne 1994, The Christian God","target_id":"local:entity:social-trinitarianism","work_id":null,"work_label":null},{"attributed_to":"William Wood","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:social-trinitarianism:attestation","earliest_year":1994,"event":"attestation","explanation":"A dated instance of the model in the cited work, not the origin date of social Trinitarianism.","latest_year":1994,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Swinburne 1994","source_title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Swinburne 1994, The Christian God","target_id":"local:entity:social-trinitarianism","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:social-trinitarianism","kind":"concept_family","label":"Social Trinitarianism","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"2.2 20th-Century Theologians and ‘Social’ Theories","title":"Trinity — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2026 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/trinity/"},{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Swinburne 1994","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"},{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Swinburne (1994)","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"}],"summary":"Social Trinitarianism is a family of theories that emphasizes real interpersonal distinction among Father, Son, and Spirit while explaining how the doctrine remains monotheistic. Its proponents and critics disagree about whether it preserves unity without implying three gods; the label also should not be confused with a simple historical East–West divide."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced lifespan dates; the SEP gives Tertullian's dates approximately as ca. 160–225 CE.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Dale Tuggy","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:tertullian:birth","earliest_year":160,"event":"birth","explanation":"The SEP gives Tertullian's approximate birth as ca. 160 CE.","latest_year":160,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:tertullian:2026-10-12","locator":"3.1.2 Tertullian","source_title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:entity:tertullian","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:tertullian","kind":"person","label":"Tertullian","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"3.1.2 Tertullian","title":"Trinity > History of Trinitarian Doctrines — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:tertullian:2026-10-12","locator":"3.1.2 Tertullian","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Tertullian argued against modalist accounts and used trinitas for the Father, Son, and Spirit sharing divine substance. His account is subordinationist and does not describe one tripersonal God in the later orthodox sense, so his historical importance should not be mistaken for identity with the mature doctrine."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"This node names a philosophical schema, not one dated work; Numenius’ approximate period and its later receptions belong on associated records.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"George Karamanolis","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:numenius-idea-attestation","earliest_year":140,"event":"attestation","explanation":"The source locates the surviving ancient account in Numenius’s period of activity; this does not date the origin of the concept family.","latest_year":160,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"Entry summary; §1, Life and Work","source_title":"Numenius","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Numenius’s philosophical activity around the middle of the second century CE","target_id":"local:entity:three-divine-principles","work_id":null,"work_label":null},{"attributed_to":"George Karamanolis","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:numenius:idea-attestation","earliest_year":140,"event":"attestation","explanation":"The source locates the surviving ancient account in Numenius’s period of activity; this does not date the origin of the concept family.","latest_year":160,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"Entry summary; §1, Life and Work","source_title":"Numenius","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Numenius’s philosophical activity around the middle of the second century CE","target_id":"local:entity:three-divine-principles","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:three-divine-principles","kind":"concept_family","label":"Three divine principles","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; Numenius’ Platonism","title":"Numenius — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/numenius/"},{"attribution":"George Karamanolis","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"Entry summary; §1, Life and Work","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-numenius:current","title":"Numenius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"}],"summary":"Numenius posited a hierarchical system of three principles of reality, with parallels to later Platonist accounts of the One, Intellect, and Soul. Early Christian authors saw this triad as a possible prefiguration of Trinitarian thought, but it is not itself the Christian doctrine of three persons in one God."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"A concept within a dated dialogue rather than a standalone event; use Timaeus’ composition and later receptions for temporal placement.","dates":[],"id":"local:entity:timaeus-world-soul","kind":"concept_family","label":"World Soul (Timaeus)","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"The World-Soul; its composition and cognitive powers","title":"Plato’s Timaeus — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/plato-timaeus/"},{"attribution":"Frank Grabowski","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-timaeus:packet7:2026-10-12","locator":"Section 6c, 34c–36d; section 2, composition chronology","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for research, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-timaeus","title":"Plato: The Timaeus","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/timaeus/"}],"summary":"In the Timaeus, Plato describes the cosmos as a living, intelligent whole whose World Soul is constructed from mixtures of Sameness, Difference, and Being in mathematical proportions. It mediates between intelligible and sensible reality and makes the ordered universe capable of life and cognition."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"The doctrine developed across texts, councils, and thinkers; it has no single date. Follow its dated treatments and events through the graph.","dates":[],"id":"local:entity:trinity","kind":"concept_family","label":"Trinity","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. Trinity Theories; Supplement: History of Trinitarian Doctrines","title":"Trinity — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2026 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/trinity/"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Sections 3.3.2 and 4.1; bounded pilot consultation","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"The Christian doctrine of the Trinity holds that the one God is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, commonly described as three persons sharing one divine essence. Its terms and logic have been understood in multiple ways; the history includes substantial disputes about how unity and distinction are related."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date fields; the linked institutional profile supplies role context, while treatment claims should be read at their cited sources.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"William Lane Craig / Reasonable Faith","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:william-lane-craig:birth","earliest_year":1949,"event":"birth","explanation":"Craig’s official biography/CV reports 23 August 1949; stored date precision is limited to the year in the current model.","latest_year":1949,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:reasonable-faith-craig-bio:2026-10-13","locator":"Biographical page, CV details","source_title":"William Lane Craig biography","source_url":"https://www.reasonablefaith.org/william-lane-craig/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"August 23, 1949","target_id":"local:entity:william-lane-craig","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:entity:william-lane-craig","kind":"person","label":"William Lane Craig","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"About Dr. Craig; linked biography and publications","title":"William Lane Craig — Reasonable Faith (official profile)","url":"https://www.reasonablefaith.org/about/"},{"attribution":"Reasonable Faith","capture_id":"local:capture:reasonable-faith-craig-bio:2026-10-13","locator":"Biographical page, CV details","rights":"Reference-only biographical consultation; no text stored.","source_id":"local:source:reasonable-faith-craig-bio","title":"William Lane Craig biography","url":"https://www.reasonablefaith.org/william-lane-craig/"}],"summary":"William Lane Craig is a contemporary philosopher and theologian associated with analytic philosophy of religion and Christian apologetics. His published work includes the kalām cosmological argument, philosophy of time, and accounts of Christian doctrine; his role in the collection is best read through specific treatments rather than as a general proxy for Christian thought."},{"attribution":"John Marenbon","date_note":"Placed around 519 CE using the SEP’s probable historical occasion for the Trinity treatises. This is an approximate contextual anchor, not a precise composition or development date. See the sourced work and treatment date records.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"John Marenbon","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:treatment:boethius:trinity-predication:context","earliest_year":519,"event":"attestation","explanation":"Approximate work-context placement inherited from the likely 519 occasion identified by the SEP; this is not a claim about the exact date Boethius formulated the treatment.","latest_year":519,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-boethius:2026-10-13","locator":"§4 The Theological Treatises, ¶1","source_title":"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"probably related to the 519 intervention of Scythian monks","target_id":"local:treatment:boethius:trinity-predication","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:boethius:trinity-predication","kind":"treatment","label":"Boethius on relation and predication in the Trinity","limitations":"This is John Marenbon's scholarly reconstruction, not an independent reading of Boethius's Latin text. The SEP says the two Trinity treatises are probably related to the 519 Scythian-monk intervention; the date is approximate context, not an established composition year. The treatment records Boethius's analysis and does not claim it resolves the theological problem.","scope":"Theological Treatise I, On the Trinity, especially its account of substance, quality, quantity, and relation, as reconstructed in SEP §4.","sources":[{"attribution":"John Marenbon","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-boethius:2026-10-13","locator":"§4 The Theological Treatises, ¶¶1–5; Treatise I, On the Trinity","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-boethius-current","title":"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/"},{"attribution":"John Marenbon","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-boethius:2026-10-13","locator":"§4 The Theological Treatises, ¶1","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-boethius-current","title":"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/"}],"summary":"Boethius uses Aristotelian categories to distinguish intrinsic predications about God from relational predications such as Father and Son. Relation does not divide divine substance; the Trinity also marks where categories designed for creatures reach their limit."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Provisionally placed by the work's reported composition range, 155–157 CE; reference account, not an independently verified passage date.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Wikipedia contributors","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:logos:justin:composition","earliest_year":155,"event":"composition","explanation":"Provisional whole-work composition range reported by the cited encyclopedia revision; not a precise passage date.","latest_year":157,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:wiki-chronology:justin:1372549261","locator":"Justin Martyr’s life and background; dating paragraph and citation 3.","source_title":"First Apology of Justin Martyr","source_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Apology_of_Justin_Martyr&oldid=1372549261"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:logos:justin","work_id":"local:work:justin-first-apology","work_label":"First Apology"}],"id":"local:treatment:logos:justin","kind":"treatment","label":"Justin on Logos","limitations":"Single scholarly interpretation; primary text not independently checked. No direct Philo-to-Justin influence edge asserted from shared language or similarity.","scope":"Justin's reading of Plato discussed with First Apology 60; a bounded account of Logos and divine ordering.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:logos-packet:2026-10-12","locator":"1. Introduction; Justin and First Apology 60","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:logos-packet:2026-10-12","locator":"1. Introduction","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Justin reads Plato's Timaeus in terms of the Logos identified with the pre-human Jesus. His account orders Father, Son and Spirit hierarchically, rather than presenting the later doctrine of three coequal persons."},{"attribution":"Marian Hillar","date_note":"Provisionally placed by the work's reported composition range, 30–40 CE; reference account, not an independently verified passage date.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Wikipedia contributors","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:logos:philo:composition","earliest_year":30,"event":"composition","explanation":"Provisional whole-work composition range reported by the cited encyclopedia revision; not a precise passage date.","latest_year":40,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:wiki-chronology:philo:1353355019","locator":"Opening paragraph and citation 1 (Runia 2001, pp. 1–4); cited book not independently checked.","source_title":"De opificio mundi","source_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_opificio_mundi&oldid=1353355019"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:logos:philo","work_id":"local:work:philo-creation","work_label":"On the Creation of the World"}],"id":"local:treatment:logos:philo","kind":"treatment","label":"Philo on Logos","limitations":"Single scholarly account; primary passages not independently checked. No Christian Trinity doctrine or direct influence relation attributed to Philo.","scope":"Creation and intelligible pattern in On the Creation of the World; not a complete account of Philo's many Logos usages.","sources":[{"attribution":"Marian Hillar","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-philo:2026-10-12","locator":"9a Philo's Model of Creation (Op. 24–25, 36); 11a-b","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; reference-only consultation, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-philo","title":"Philo of Alexandria","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/philo/"},{"attribution":"Marian Hillar","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-philo:2026-10-12","locator":"Sections 9a and 11a-b","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; reference-only consultation, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-philo","title":"Philo of Alexandria","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/philo/"}],"summary":"Philo's Logos is divine thought containing the intelligible pattern of the world. Creation follows that pattern, bringing Platonic forms into his interpretation of biblical creation."},{"attribution":"George Karamanolis","date_note":"Timeline uses the separately sourced mid-second-century period of Numenius’s philosophical activity as context; this is not a composition date for On the Good or a date for this specific account.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"George Karamanolis","basis":"author_activity_context","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:numenius-treatment-activity","earliest_year":140,"event":"author_activity_context","explanation":"The source dates Numenius’s activity, not the composition of On the Good or the development of this specific account; timeline placement is contextual only.","latest_year":160,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"Entry summary; §1, Life and Work","source_title":"Numenius","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"philosophical activity around the middle of the second century CE","target_id":"local:treatment:numenius:three-divine-principles","work_id":null,"work_label":null},{"attributed_to":"George Karamanolis","basis":"author_activity_context","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:numenius-treatment:activity-context","earliest_year":140,"event":"author_activity_context","explanation":"The source dates Numenius’s activity, not the composition of On the Good or the development of this specific account; timeline placement is contextual only.","latest_year":160,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"Entry summary; §1, Life and Work","source_title":"Numenius","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"philosophical activity around the middle of the second century CE","target_id":"local:treatment:numenius:three-divine-principles","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:numenius:three-divine-principles","kind":"treatment","label":"Numenius on three divine principles and Christian reception","limitations":"The count and identity of the principles are disputed; Numenius survives through fragments and later testimonies. Similarity and later reception do not by themselves establish direct influence on a particular Christian treatment. On the Good has no date in the consulted source; timeline placement uses Numenius’s approximate period of activity only.","scope":"The hierarchical principles attributed to Numenius and their later Christian reception, as reconstructed in the SEP Numenius entry.","sources":[{"attribution":"George Karamanolis","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"Entry summary; §1, Life and Work; §§3 and 5, Metaphysics and Influence.","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-numenius:current","title":"Numenius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"},{"attribution":"George Karamanolis","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"Entry summary; §1, Life and Work","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-numenius:current","title":"Numenius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"},{"attribution":"George Karamanolis","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"§§1, 3, 5","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-numenius:current","title":"Numenius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"}],"summary":"Numenius orders divine principles hierarchically: the highest Good is distinct from the demiurgic intellect, whose activity orders the world; some testimonies further distinguish a third principle or role. Early Christian writers read the triad as a prefiguration of the Trinity, but Numenius’s system is Middle Platonic and is not itself Christian Trinitarian doctrine."},{"attribution":"Frank Grabowski","date_note":"For visual orientation only, placed within Plato's conventionally reported lifespan (428/7–348/7 BCE). This does not date the composition of the Timaeus or the development of this account; the dialogue's composition chronology remains disputed and is separately recorded as unknown.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","basis":"author_lifespan_context","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:treatment:timaeus:cosmic-design:author-lifespan-context","earliest_year":-428,"event":"author_lifespan_context","explanation":"Contextual placement for visual orientation only: the account is plotted within Plato's reported lifespan. This does not establish when Plato composed the Timaeus, when the passages were written, or when the treatment developed; the work-composition date remains disputed and unknown in this dataset.","latest_year":-347,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:iep-plato:2026-10-12","locator":"Biography, section 1a, Birth and Death","source_title":"Plato","source_url":"https://iep.utm.edu/plato/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Plato's conventionally reported lifespan, 428/7–348/7 BCE; contextual visual proxy only","target_id":"local:treatment:timaeus:cosmic-design","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:timaeus:cosmic-design","kind":"treatment","label":"Timaeus on the Demiurge and intelligible model","limitations":"This is Timaeus’s speech in Plato’s dialogue, reconstructed by a modern reference article. The IEP stresses interpretive distance between Plato and his dramatic speakers; this record does not state that every claim is Plato’s settled personal doctrine or imply a Christian Trinity. The account of generated nature is explicitly less than certain. Temporal placement is an author-lifespan proxy (Plato c. 428/7–348/7 BCE), not a date for the Timaeus or this treatment; see the separately recorded disputed/unknown composition chronology.","scope":"The Demiurge’s ordering activity and intelligible model in Timaeus 27c–47e, especially the initial cosmological argument.","sources":[{"attribution":"Frank Grabowski","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-timaeus:packet7:2026-10-12","locator":"6c Monologue, Part 1: The Creation Story of Intellect (27c–47e), especially 28a–30d","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for research, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-timaeus","title":"Plato: The Timaeus","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/timaeus/"},{"attribution":"Frank Grabowski","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-timaeus:packet7:2026-10-12","locator":"Section 2, Date of Composition","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for research, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-timaeus","title":"Plato: The Timaeus","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/timaeus/"},{"attribution":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-plato:2026-10-12","locator":"Biography, section 1a, Birth and Death","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for biographical chronology, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-plato","title":"Plato","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/plato/"}],"summary":"Timaeus explains the ordered cosmos through a good divine craftsman who imposes rational order on a disorderly, pre-existing condition by looking to an eternal intelligible model. Because that model is one, the cosmos is also one; since the cosmos is generated and changing, the account of it is a “likely story,” not certain demonstration."},{"attribution":"Frank Grabowski","date_note":"For visual orientation only, placed within Plato's conventionally reported lifespan (428/7–348/7 BCE). This does not date the composition of the Timaeus or the development of this account; the dialogue's composition chronology remains disputed and is separately recorded as unknown.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","basis":"author_lifespan_context","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:treatment:timaeus:world-soul:author-lifespan-context","earliest_year":-428,"event":"author_lifespan_context","explanation":"Contextual placement for visual orientation only: the account is plotted within Plato's reported lifespan. This does not establish when Plato composed the Timaeus, when the passages were written, or when the treatment developed; the work-composition date remains disputed and unknown in this dataset.","latest_year":-347,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:iep-plato:2026-10-12","locator":"Biography, section 1a, Birth and Death","source_title":"Plato","source_url":"https://iep.utm.edu/plato/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Plato's conventionally reported lifespan, 428/7–348/7 BCE; contextual visual proxy only","target_id":"local:treatment:timaeus:world-soul","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:timaeus:world-soul","kind":"treatment","label":"Timaeus on the cosmic soul","limitations":"The IEP treats the mixture and motion passages as difficult and leaves open how literally they should be read. This is Timaeus’s dialogue account, not an unqualified assertion of Plato’s personal doctrine. It is not a Christian three-person model. Temporal placement is an author-lifespan proxy (Plato c. 428/7–348/7 BCE), not a date for the Timaeus or this treatment; see the separately recorded disputed/unknown composition chronology.","scope":"The demiurge’s formation and motions of the world-soul in Timaeus 34c–38c.","sources":[{"attribution":"Frank Grabowski","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-timaeus:packet7:2026-10-12","locator":"6c Monologue, Part 1: The Creation Story of Intellect, 34c–36d","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for research, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-timaeus","title":"Plato: The Timaeus","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/timaeus/"},{"attribution":"Frank Grabowski","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-timaeus:packet7:2026-10-12","locator":"Section 2, Date of Composition","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for research, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-timaeus","title":"Plato: The Timaeus","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/timaeus/"},{"attribution":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-plato:2026-10-12","locator":"Biography, section 1a, Birth and Death","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for biographical chronology, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-plato","title":"Plato","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/plato/"}],"summary":"The cosmos is made a living, intelligent whole through the formation of a cosmic soul. Timaeus describes its substance as a mixture of the divisible and indivisible, and of Same and Other, then connects its ordered motions with the mathematical structure of the cosmos."},{"attribution":"Peter King and Andrew Arlig","date_note":"Timeline uses the cited initial composition range 1124–1125; later revision planning is recorded separately.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"E. M. Buytaert","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:work:abelard-theologia-christiana:composition","earliest_year":1124,"event":"composition","explanation":"Buytaert dates the initial composition to 1124–1125 and notes two later revisions; this dates the initial composition, not a single final state of the text.","latest_year":1125,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:source:buytaert-abelard-trinitarian-doctrine:1974:2026-10-13","locator":"“Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine,” pp. 139–140 (PDF pp. 153–154)","source_title":"Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine","source_url":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/51/74/2020715174/2020715174.pdf"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"composed in 1124–1125","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:abelard:identity-and-attributes","work_id":"local:work:abelard-theologia-christiana","work_label":"Theologia christiana (Christian Theology)"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:abelard:identity-and-attributes","kind":"treatment","label":"Abelard on Trinitarian identity and divine attributes","limitations":"This is a scholarly reconstruction of a historically contested account. Abelard’s three theological works represent successive versions, and Buytaert notes later revision activity; this record uses the initial composition date of Theologia Christiana, not a single final text state. It does not imply acceptance as orthodox or settle the validity of Abelard’s reasoning.","scope":"Abelard’s dialectical analysis of sameness and difference among the divine persons and his organization of divine attributes in Theologia Christiana.","sources":[{"attribution":"Peter King and Andrew Arlig","capture_id":"local:source:sep-abelard:fall2026:2026-10-13","locator":"SEP §7, Theology, especially discussion of identity and Theologia Christiana; Buytaert, “Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine,” pp. 139–140.","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-abelard:fall2026","title":"Peter Abelard","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2026/entries/abelard/"}],"summary":"Abelard treats theology as discourse about the triune God and uses finer distinctions of sameness and difference to explain how the divine persons can be essentially the same yet differ in definition and property. In Theologia Christiana, divine attributes are organized under power, wisdom and goodness, corresponding to the three persons; the account makes the doctrine rationally discussable without claiming unaided logic replaces revelation."},{"attribution":"Peter Adamson","date_note":"Composition date unavailable in this source. Timeline uses labeled author-lifespan context (c.800–early 870s); attestation remains unknown.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Peter Adamson","basis":"author_lifespan_context","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:treatment:trinity:al-kindi:refutation:lifespan-context","earliest_year":800,"event":"author_lifespan_context","explanation":"Lifespan context is a plotting proxy only; the treatise’s composition date remains unknown.","latest_year":873,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":true,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-al-kindi:2026-10-14","locator":"§1, “Life,” ¶1","source_title":"Al-Kindi","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-kindi/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Al-Kindi was born around 800 and died in the early 870s.","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:al-kindi:refutation","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:al-kindi:refutation","kind":"treatment","label":"Al-Kindi on refuting the Christian Trinity","limitations":"SEP gives a brief notice rather than a detailed reconstruction, and notes a later counter-refutation by Yahya ibn ʿAdi. This is not a full account of al-Kindi’s theology.","scope":"Al-Kindi’s reported philosophical refutation of Christian Trinitarian doctrine.","sources":[{"attribution":"Peter Adamson","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-al-kindi:2026-10-14","locator":"§2.2, “Contemporary Influences,” ¶2.","rights":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-al-kindi:current-2026","title":"Al-Kindi","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-kindi/"},{"attribution":"Peter Adamson","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-al-kindi:2026-10-14","locator":"§2.2, “Contemporary Influences,” ¶2","rights":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-al-kindi:current-2026","title":"Al-Kindi","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-kindi/"},{"attribution":"Peter Adamson","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-al-kindi:2026-10-14","locator":"§1, “Life,” ¶1","rights":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-al-kindi:current-2026","title":"Al-Kindi","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-kindi/"}],"summary":"Al-Kindi wrote a short treatise attacking the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and used concepts from Porphyry’s Isagoge in the refutation."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Placed by the associated work's sourced composition interval; not an inferred onset of the thinker's view.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Robert Pasnau","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:trinity:aquinas:composition","earliest_year":1267,"event":"composition","explanation":"Composition range reported by this source for the whole work; not a precise date for I.27–43.","latest_year":1273,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-aquinas:fall2024:chronology","locator":"Bibliography A1. Theological Syntheses; Summa theologiae","source_title":"Thomas Aquinas","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/aquinas/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas","work_id":"local:work:summa-theologiae","work_label":"Summa Theologiae"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas","kind":"treatment","label":"Aquinas on the Trinity","limitations":"One scholarly reconstruction; no consensus or influence claim. Timeline uses whole-work composition range, not a precise date of the passages discussed.","scope":"Relational distinction and the identity objection in Summa Theologiae I.27–43, as discussed by Tuggy.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1 Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologiae I.27–43.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Aquinas develops a relational account of personal distinction within the one divine essence. He distinguishes sameness in thing from sameness in concept to answer the objection that shared essence collapses the persons into one; the success of this move remains disputed."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Placed by the sourced composition interval for Summa theologiae; work context, not a precise date for I.27–43.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Robert Pasnau","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:trinity:aquinas:composition","earliest_year":1267,"event":"composition","explanation":"Composition range reported by this source for the whole work; not a precise date for I.27–43.","latest_year":1273,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-aquinas:fall2024:chronology","locator":"Bibliography A1. Theological Syntheses; Summa theologiae","source_title":"Thomas Aquinas","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/aquinas/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas:relations-and-persons","work_id":"local:work:summa-theologiae","work_label":"Summa Theologiae"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:aquinas:relations-and-persons","kind":"treatment","label":"Aquinas on relations constituting divine persons","limitations":"The SEP calls the account difficult and raises questions about the coherence of its identity distinctions. The dated Summa composition range locates the work, not these passages or the development of Aquinas’s view.","scope":"Aquinas’s account of relations and processions in Summa theologiae I.27–43, with the source also directing readers to Summa contra gentiles IV.1–26.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 4.1, Thomas Aquinas; Summa theologiae I.27–43 and Summa contra gentiles IV.1–26.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Aquinas treats divine processions and relations as constitutive of the personal distinctions within the one divine essence. Paternity, filiation, and procession distinguish the persons without dividing the simple divine nature."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Placed by the sourced 358–360 Letters to Serapion interval; the broader controversy and account developed across more than this one work.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"BiblIndex","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:athanasius-serapion:composition","earliest_year":358,"event":"composition","explanation":"BiblIndex dates the Greek Letters to Serapion to 358–360.","latest_year":360,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:biblindex-serapion:2026-10-12","locator":"Work metadata: Period 358–360; theme Holy Spirit","source_title":"Athanasius Alexandrinus, Epistulae ad Serapionem","source_url":"https://www.biblindex.org/index.php/en/work-editions/lettres-a-serapion"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:athanasius","work_id":"local:work:athanasius-serapion","work_label":"Letters to Serapion"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:athanasius","kind":"treatment","label":"Athanasius on the Trinity","limitations":"SEP attributes the salvation argument to Athanasius and others, so this record does not claim every formulation is uniquely his. Letters to Serapion supplies a relevant Holy Spirit work context, not sole textual proof for every sentence.","scope":"Athanasius's anti-subordinationist account of divine unity and the equal divinity of Son and Spirit.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:nicene:2026-10-12","locator":"3.2 325–381: The Arian Controversy, especially the discussion of homoousios and salvation","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"The Father and Son are not merely similar beings but share one divine being, and the same anti-subordinationist argument extends to the Holy Spirit. The soteriological rationale is that human divinization can be accomplished only if Son and Spirit are equally divine with the Father."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Placed by the associated work's sourced composition interval; not an inferred onset of the thinker's view.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Christian Tornau","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:trinity:augustine:composition","earliest_year":399,"event":"composition","explanation":"Begun in 399; completion in 419 or possibly as late as 426. Bounds retain the later possibility, not a claim of continuous composition through 426.","latest_year":426,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-augustine:fall2024:chronology","locator":"2. Work; De trinitate","source_title":"Augustine of Hippo","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/augustine/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine","work_id":"local:work:de-trinitate","work_label":"On the Trinity (De Trinitate)"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine","kind":"treatment","label":"Augustine on the Trinity","limitations":"One scholarly reconstruction; no consensus or influence claim. Timeline uses whole-work composition range, not a precise date of the passages discussed.","scope":"Overview of Augustine’s On the Trinity: relational predication, divine unity, and the limits of psychological analogy, as interpreted by Tuggy.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; discussion of De Trinitate books X, XIV and XV.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII.","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Augustine combines an account of relational distinction, in which names such as Father and Son concern relations within the one simple divine essence, with psychological analogies that offer limited aids to contemplation. The analogies do not adequately represent divine life."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Placed by the sourced composition interval for De Trinitate; this is work context, not a precise date for Book IX or the development of Augustine's view.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Christian Tornau","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:trinity:augustine:composition","earliest_year":399,"event":"composition","explanation":"Begun in 399; completion in 419 or possibly as late as 426. Bounds retain the later possibility, not a claim of continuous composition through 426.","latest_year":426,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-augustine:fall2024:chronology","locator":"2. Work; De trinitate","source_title":"Augustine of Hippo","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/augustine/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine:mind-knowledge-love","work_id":"local:work:de-trinitate","work_label":"On the Trinity (De Trinitate)"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine:mind-knowledge-love","kind":"treatment","label":"Augustine on mind, knowledge, and love","limitations":"One scholarly reconstruction. This is distinct from the self-reflection and memory–understanding–will triads; the source emphasizes that even the analogies are immeasurably inadequate to represent God. Work chronology dates the whole De Trinitate, not Book IX individually.","scope":"The mind–knowledge–love triad in De Trinitate IX.1, as reconstructed in the source.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; psychological analogies, mind, knowledge, and love (Book IX.1; cited pages 272–275)","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"The mind, its knowledge, and its love form a threefold image through which the human mind can contemplate the Trinity. The analogy offers an aid to reflection, not an adequate representation of divine life."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Placed by the sourced composition interval for De Trinitate; this is work context, not a precise date for Books V–VII or the development of Augustine's view.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Christian Tornau","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:trinity:augustine:composition","earliest_year":399,"event":"composition","explanation":"Begun in 399; completion in 419 or possibly as late as 426. Bounds retain the later possibility, not a claim of continuous composition through 426.","latest_year":426,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-augustine:fall2024:chronology","locator":"2. Work; De trinitate","source_title":"Augustine of Hippo","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/augustine/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine:relational-predication","work_id":"local:work:de-trinitate","work_label":"On the Trinity (De Trinitate)"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:augustine:relational-predication","kind":"treatment","label":"Augustine on relational predication and divine unity","limitations":"One scholarly reconstruction. The source presents a difficult account and does not settle how relations distinguish persons within a simple divine essence. Work chronology dates the whole De Trinitate, not these books individually.","scope":"The distinction between essential and relational predication in De Trinitate, Books V–VII, as reconstructed in the source.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","locator":"Section 3.3.2 Augustine; relational predication and divine simplicity, Books V–VII","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Divine names such as Father and Son distinguish persons relationally, while essential predicates refer to the one simple divine essence. Augustine considers and rejects the view that every true divine predicate is relational."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Placed within the source-qualified 375–390 range for To Ablabius; the interval preserves disagreement over its composition date.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Catholic Culture editorial provenance note","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:gregory-not-three-gods:composition","earliest_year":375,"event":"composition","explanation":"The reference notes a conventional assignment to 375 and arguments for a later date around 390; both are preserved as bounds.","latest_year":390,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:catholicculture-gregory-not-three:2026-10-12","locator":"Provenance note","source_title":"Gregory of Nyssa: On Not Three Gods","source_url":"https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/fathers/view.cfm?recnum=2311"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-nyssa","work_id":"local:work:gregory-not-three-gods","work_label":"To Ablabius: On Not Three Gods"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-nyssa","kind":"treatment","label":"Gregory of Nyssa on the Trinity","limitations":"A source-attributed reconstruction with a disputed reading of Gregory's analogies. It does not settle modern social-Trinitarian interpretations or erase the difference between nature and operation.","scope":"Gregory's response to the three-gods objection in To Ablabius.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:nicene:2026-10-12","locator":"3.3.1 Gregory of Nyssa, discussion of To Ablabius and the three-human analogy","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"}],"summary":"Father, Son and Spirit share one ineffable divine nature and cannot be counted as three gods because their operation toward creation is inseparable: it originates in the Father, proceeds through the Son and is completed by the Spirit. This account resists reducing Gregory's position to the analogy of three human beings."},{"attribution":"Donald L. Ross","date_note":"Placed by the approximate 385–387 composition range of the associated Great Catechism as work context only; this does not date the argument’s development.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Hannah Noël Black, citing scholarship on the Great Catechism","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:treatment:gregory-nyssa:two-models:work-context","earliest_year":385,"event":"attestation","explanation":"The IEP identifies Great Catechism 2 as a relevant locus but does not date the account. The separately cited approximate composition range for the work is used as visual context only, not as a date for the development of Gregory’s view.","latest_year":387,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:cambridge-black-gregory-soteriology:2026-10-12","locator":"Chapter Four, chronology note and cited dating discussion","source_title":"Gregory of Nyssa’s Soteriological Imaginary as a Resource for Nonviolent Soteriology","source_url":"https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/4df09aae-b30b-4aaa-960e-983d3ff57d15/content"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Approximate composition interval for Great Catechism: 385–387 CE; work context only","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-nyssa:two-models","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-nyssa:two-models","kind":"treatment","label":"Gregory of Nyssa on two models of the Trinity","limitations":"This is Ross’s interpretive reconstruction, not a neutral taxonomy or a claim that Gregory simply holds two interchangeable theories. Keep separate from the existing broad Trinity and incarnation-history treatments. The relation to the nature–energies framework is an interpretation, not a historical influence claim.","scope":"Ross’s interpretive reconstruction of two ways to understand divine unity and distinction in Gregory’s Trinitarian thought.","sources":[{"attribution":"Donald L. Ross","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-gregory-nyssa:2026-10-12","locator":"Section 5, History, especially discussion of the Trinity and Great Catechism 2","rights":"IEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-gregory-nyssa","title":"Gregory of Nyssa","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/gregoryn/"},{"attribution":"Hannah Noël Black","capture_id":"local:capture:cambridge-black-gregory-soteriology:2026-10-12","locator":"Chapter Four, chronology note and cited dating discussion","rights":"Open-access doctoral thesis consulted for work chronology; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:cambridge-black-gregory-soteriology","title":"Gregory of Nyssa’s Soteriological Imaginary as a Resource for Nonviolent Soteriology","url":"https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/4df09aae-b30b-4aaa-960e-983d3ff57d15/content"}],"summary":"Gregory’s account can be read through both an outward, historically dynamic procession of divine activity and distinctions within God’s inner nature. Ross connects the first model more closely to Gregory’s nature–energies framework and to the Spirit’s manifestation of the Son’s energy."},{"attribution":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","date_note":"The SEP dates the Sentences lectures to 1343–44 and says the written commentary continued to be revised until 1346. The interval records lecture context, not a final publication date.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-rimini:trinitarian-minimalism:attestation-date","earliest_year":1343,"event":"attestation","explanation":"Treatment is placed at the dated lecture context. The SEP says lecture records were revised and that Gregory continued revising the commentary until 1346; the displayed interval is approximate.","latest_year":1344,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":true,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§1 Life and Work, ¶2; §3 Theology, ¶2","source_title":"Gregory of Rimini","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Sentences lectures given in 1343–44; written commentary revised until 1346","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-rimini:trinitarian-minimalism","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:gregory-rimini:trinitarian-minimalism","kind":"treatment","label":"Gregory of Rimini on the Trinity and divine simplicity","limitations":"The SEP characterizes this as radical minimalism and notes the explanatory cost; it is not a general account of every medieval Praepositinian view.","scope":"Gregory’s Trinitarian theology in the Sentences commentary; the SEP’s account of his Praepositinian minimalism.","sources":[{"attribution":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§3 Theology, ¶2; §1 Life and Work, ¶¶2–3.","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-gregory-rimini:2026","title":"Gregory of Rimini","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"},{"attribution":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§1 Life and Work, ¶2; §3 Theology, ¶2","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-gregory-rimini:2026","title":"Gregory of Rimini","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"}],"summary":"Gregory treats the divine persons as distinct in themselves, without constituting properties or principles of divine operation distinct from the persons. This Praepositinian minimalism preserves divine simplicity while rejecting the psychological model that explains the persons through divine intellect and will."},{"attribution":"Guanyu Guo","date_note":"Placed by the 1821–1831 lecture-series interval; this is not a single publication date or a precise onset of the account.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Open Library bibliographic record; edition edited by Peter C. Hodgson","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:hegel-lectures-religion:delivery","earliest_year":1821,"event":"composition","explanation":"The bibliographic record identifies lecture series delivered in 1821, 1824, 1827 and 1831. The range represents repeated delivery and revision, not continuous composition.","latest_year":1831,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:openlibrary-hegel-religion:2026-10-12","locator":"Edition description: lecture series delivered in 1821, 1824, 1827, and 1831","source_title":"Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion: The Lectures of 1827","source_url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24189177M/Lectures_on_the_philosophy_of_religion"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:hegel","work_id":"local:work:hegel-lectures-religion","work_label":"Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:hegel","kind":"treatment","label":"Hegel on the Trinity","limitations":"One recent systematic interpretation. It does not settle metaphysical versus non-metaphysical readings of Hegel, identify dialectic simply with the Holy Spirit, or establish a historical influence relation to earlier treatments.","scope":"The Trinity as a representational form of conceptual self-mediation in Hegel's philosophy of religion.","sources":[{"attribution":"Guanyu Guo","capture_id":"local:capture:guo-hegel-religion:2025-09-15","locator":"Abstract; section 1; discussion of Christianity's epistemological ascent and tension","rights":"Open-access scholarly article; reference-only consultation, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:guo-hegel-religion:2025","title":"From Religious Representation to Conceptual Truth: The Role of Religion in Hegel's Philosophical System","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16091187"}],"summary":"The Trinity gives religious representation a structure of self-differentiating unity: Father, Son and Spirit present the movement from universality through particularity to singularity. Its content points beyond pictorial sequence toward the Concept, in which Spirit comprehends this differentiation and return as its own self-mediation."},{"attribution":"Guanyu Guo","date_note":"Placed by the 1821–1831 lecture-series interval; this is a work-context range, not a precise development date.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Open Library bibliographic record; edition edited by Peter C. Hodgson","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:hegel-lectures-religion:delivery","earliest_year":1821,"event":"composition","explanation":"The bibliographic record identifies lecture series delivered in 1821, 1824, 1827 and 1831. The range represents repeated delivery and revision, not continuous composition.","latest_year":1831,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:openlibrary-hegel-religion:2026-10-12","locator":"Edition description: lecture series delivered in 1821, 1824, 1827, and 1831","source_title":"Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion: The Lectures of 1827","source_url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24189177M/Lectures_on_the_philosophy_of_religion"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:hegel:self-mediation","work_id":"local:work:hegel-lectures-religion","work_label":"Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:hegel:self-mediation","kind":"treatment","label":"Hegel on the Trinity's conceptual self-mediation","limitations":"A component of the same recent scholarly reconstruction as the broader Hegel treatment, not an independent source account. It does not settle whether Hegel supersedes religion, preserves it as an enduring form, or supports later materialist readings.","scope":"The transition from Trinitarian representation to Spirit's conceptual self-comprehension.","sources":[{"attribution":"Guanyu Guo","capture_id":"local:capture:guo-hegel-religion:2025-09-15","locator":"Abstract; introduction; sections 3.4–3.5; section 4 on representation, Concept and self-mediation","rights":"Open-access scholarly article; reference-only consultation, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:guo-hegel-religion:2025","title":"From Religious Representation to Conceptual Truth: The Role of Religion in Hegel's Philosophical System","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16091187"}],"summary":"The Trinity's representational sequence carries content that demands conceptual comprehension. Philosophy preserves that content while overcoming its pictorial and externally sequential form, so that Spirit grasps differentiation and reconciliation as its own self-mediating movement."},{"attribution":"Daniel A. Di Liscia","date_note":"The account appears in Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596) and is developed again in Astronomiae pars optica (1604); date is a work-publication range.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Daniel A. Di Liscia","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:kepler-trinity:development:frontier8-b6","earliest_year":1596,"event":"development","explanation":"Range follows the two cited work dates; no separate onset date is inferred.","latest_year":1604,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":true,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","locator":"1. Life and Works ¶¶2–3; 2. Philosophy, theology, cosmology ¶¶3–4","source_title":"Kepler","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kepler/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596); Astronomiae pars optica (published 1604)","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:kepler:geometric-trinitarian-cosmogony","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:kepler:geometric-trinitarian-cosmogony","kind":"treatment","label":"Johannes Kepler on the geometrical image of the Trinity in creation","limitations":"This is a focused reconstruction from the SEP; it should not be read as a claim that Kepler’s geometry proves the doctrine. The treatment spans two works and is dated by their publication period.","scope":"Kepler’s geometrical account of the Trinity and creation in Mysterium Cosmographicum and Astronomiae pars optica.","sources":[{"attribution":"Daniel A. Di Liscia","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","locator":"2. Philosophy, theology, cosmology ¶¶3–4; 1. Life and Works ¶¶2–3","rights":"Reference-only consultation; SEP article text is not redistributed.","source_id":"local:source:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","title":"Kepler","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kepler/"},{"attribution":"Daniel A. Di Liscia","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","locator":"1. Life and Works ¶¶2–3; 2. Philosophy, theology, cosmology ¶¶3–4","rights":"Reference-only consultation; SEP article text is not redistributed.","source_id":"local:source:sep-b6-kepler-2026-10-14","title":"Kepler","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kepler/"}],"summary":"Kepler maps the Father to the center, the Son to the spherical surface, and the Holy Spirit to the interval between them. Geometry becomes a model for how creation reflects its creator, and the same Trinitarian cosmogony also informs his philosophical optics."},{"attribution":"William Wood","date_note":"Placed by the cited 2004 publication of “A Latin Trinity”; this dates the work, not the origin of Latin Trinitarianism.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Brian Leftow","basis":"work_publication","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:leftow-work-publication","earliest_year":2004,"event":"publication","explanation":"Publication year of “A Latin Trinity,” Faith and Philosophy 21(3), 304–333.","latest_year":2004,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:oxford-leftow:2026-10-13","locator":"Publications, “A Latin Trinity”","source_title":"Brian Leftow — University of Oxford Faculty of Philosophy","source_url":"https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/brian-leftow"},{"capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Publication details","source_title":"A Latin Trinity","source_url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"July 2004","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:leftow:latin-trinitarianism","work_id":"local:work:leftow-a-latin-trinity","work_label":"A Latin Trinity"},{"attributed_to":"Brian Leftow","basis":"work_publication","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:leftow-work:publication","earliest_year":2004,"event":"publication","explanation":"Publication year of “A Latin Trinity,” Faith and Philosophy 21(3), 304–333.","latest_year":2004,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:oxford-leftow:2026-10-13","locator":"Publications, “A Latin Trinity”","source_title":"Brian Leftow — University of Oxford Faculty of Philosophy","source_url":"https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/brian-leftow"},{"capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Publication details","source_title":"A Latin Trinity","source_url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"July 2004","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:leftow:latin-trinitarianism","work_id":"local:work:leftow-a-latin-trinity","work_label":"A Latin Trinity"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:leftow:latin-trinitarianism","kind":"treatment","label":"Leftow on Latin Trinitarianism","limitations":"The SEP presents this as one influential Latin model and records objections from social Trinitarians. This account is not treated as a settled solution to the logical problem.","scope":"Leftow’s “A Latin Trinity” (2004), as summarized in SEP §2.1.","sources":[{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"Section 2.1, Trinity; Leftow (2004), “A Latin Trinity.”","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"},{"attribution":"Brian Leftow","capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Abstract and publication details","rights":"Bibliographic and abstract reference only; no article text copied.","source_id":"local:source:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","title":"A Latin Trinity","url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"summary":"Leftow’s Latin model denies that the divine persons are separate centers of consciousness or agents: they act as one divine agent with one will and one action. His time-travelling chorus-line analogy is intended to explain how the persons can remain distinct without multiplying divine agents."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Timeline placement uses the cited book’s 2003 publication year; this dates the work context, not the development or first formulation of the model.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Dale Tuggy","basis":"work_publication","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:work:philosophical-foundations-christian-worldview:publication","earliest_year":2003,"event":"publication","explanation":"SEP bibliography identifies the coauthored work as published in 2003.","latest_year":2003,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-model:fall2012:2026-10-13","locator":"Bibliography, Moreland and Craig 2003","source_title":"Trinity","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/trinity/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"2003","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:moreland-craig:trinity-monotheism","work_id":"local:work:philosophical-foundations-christian-worldview","work_label":"Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:moreland-craig:trinity-monotheism","kind":"treatment","label":"Moreland and Craig on Trinity monotheism","limitations":"The SEP attributes the model jointly to Moreland and Craig and distinguishes it from the pro-Nicene tradition. It reports substantive objections, including whether the account avoids polytheism and whether a non-personal whole can act; this record summarizes the proposal and does not resolve those disputes or classify it as consensus/orthodox doctrine.","scope":"The joint Moreland–Craig Trinity-monotheist social model as summarized in the SEP, especially its account of one divine soul, three person-sufficient centers, and the divine nature.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-model:fall2012:2026-10-13","locator":"Section 3.3, “Trinity Monotheist Social Trinitarianism”; bibliography entry for Moreland and Craig 2003.","rights":"SEP reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-model:fall2012","title":"Trinity","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/trinity/"}],"summary":"Trinity monotheism models God as one immaterial substance or soul with three sets of cognitive faculties, each sufficient for personhood. The three persons are centers of consciousness, intention, and will; only the triune whole instantiates the divine nature."},{"attribution":"Edward Moore","date_note":"Placed by the approximate 220–230 composition range of On First Principles; this dates the work context, not the onset of Origen's view.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"John Behr","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:origen-treatment:attestation","earliest_year":220,"event":"attestation","explanation":"The treatment is anchored to its associated work's approximate composition interval; it does not claim that Origen's view began or ended within these years.","latest_year":230,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:vu-behr-origen-principles:2026-10-12","locator":"Abstract and work metadata","source_title":"Origen: On First Principles","source_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/origen-on-first-principles/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:origen","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:origen","kind":"treatment","label":"Origen on the Trinity","limitations":"This is one modern encyclopedia reconstruction, not an independent reading of the surviving text. The IEP describes the triad through Platonic hierarchy and emanation, while the SEP separately situates Origen in early Logos theology and stresses historical variation. On First Principles survives mainly in Rufinus's Latin translation, with only fragments of the Greek; the IEP notes that Rufinus may have softened some passages. Do not treat this account as equivalent to later pro-Nicene doctrine or infer a direct genealogy from conceptual resemblance.","scope":"Origen's account of Father, Son/Logos and Holy Spirit in On First Principles, especially the ordering of their relation and activity.","sources":[{"attribution":"Edward Moore","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-origen:trinity:2026-10-12","locator":"3a The Trinity; sections 1 and 5 for textual transmission and chronology context","rights":"Reference-only philosophy encyclopedia article; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-origen","title":"Origen of Alexandria","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/origen-of-alexandria/"},{"attribution":"John Behr","capture_id":"local:capture:vu-behr-origen-principles:2026-10-12","locator":"Abstract and work metadata","rights":"Public academic catalogue record consulted for work chronology; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:vu-behr-origen-principles","title":"Origen: On First Principles","url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/origen-on-first-principles/"}],"summary":"On First Principles presents Father, Son/Logos and Holy Spirit as a differentiated, ordered divine triad. In the IEP's reconstruction, the Father is the highest source, while the Son and Spirit are derivative and their reach through created reality is increasingly specific. This is an early Christian account shaped through Platonic conceptual language, not the later formulation of three co-equal, co-eternal persons."},{"attribution":"Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington","date_note":"Timeline uses the SEP corpus-authorship interval, 485–528 CE, as a broad work-context anchor; it does not date the exact formulation or a personal lifespan.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington","basis":"work_composition","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:work:pseudo-dionysius-divine-names:composition","earliest_year":485,"event":"composition","explanation":"SEP brackets authorship of the Dionysian corpus between Proclus’s death in 485 and the first clear citations by Severus of Antioch in 518–528. The upper edge uses 528 as the conservative outer bound; this is broad corpus-authorship context, not a precise date for this individual treatise.","latest_year":528,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023:2026-10-13","locator":"§1, Persona; §3.2, On the Divine Names","source_title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Authorship between 485 CE and the first clear citations dated 518–528 CE","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:pseudo-dionysius:trinity-unity","work_id":"local:work:pseudo-dionysius-divine-names","work_label":"On the Divine Names"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:pseudo-dionysius:trinity-unity","kind":"treatment","label":"Pseudo-Dionysius on Trinity and divine unity","limitations":"The author is anonymous and pseudonymous, not the first-century Dionysius of Acts. This is a modern SEP reconstruction; it does not imply that Dionysius adopts a simple Neoplatonic triad or that his position was always accepted as orthodox. InPhO lifespan values are preserved as attributed source dates, not asserted as secure biography.","scope":"The Christian reconfiguration of the One, divine unity and trinitarian expression, especially the Divine Names account of ecstatic love.","sources":[{"attribution":"Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington","capture_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023:2026-10-13","locator":"§1 on the author and dating; §3.2 on On the Divine Names; §4.1(a) on the One, Trinity, being and divine love.","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"}],"summary":"Dionysius does not simply replace the Neoplatonic One with a principle that excludes Trinity. He reworks divine unity so that God can be both unrestricted being and beyond determinate predication; in On the Divine Names, divine love moves through creation as a unifying force without departing from itself."},{"attribution":"William Wood","date_note":"Placed by the cited 1994 publication of The Christian God; this dates the associated work, not the beginning of the model family.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"William Wood","basis":"work_publication","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:christian-god:publication","earliest_year":1994,"event":"publication","explanation":"Publication year of the cited work The Christian God.","latest_year":1994,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; bibliography entry for Swinburne 1994","source_title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"1994","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:swinburne:social-trinitarianism","work_id":"local:work:the-christian-god","work_label":"The Christian God"},{"attributed_to":"William Wood","basis":"work_publication","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:social-work-publication","earliest_year":1994,"event":"publication","explanation":"Publication year of The Christian God as cited in SEP §2.1.","latest_year":1994,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Swinburne (1994)","source_title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"1994","target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:swinburne:social-trinitarianism","work_id":"local:work:the-christian-god","work_label":"The Christian God"}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:swinburne:social-trinitarianism","kind":"treatment","label":"Swinburne on social Trinitarianism","limitations":"The SEP presents this as one model in a contested family. The summary preserves the central challenge of explaining monotheism and does not imply that the model resolves it.","scope":"Swinburne’s 1994 social Trinitarian model as presented in SEP §2.1.","sources":[{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"Section 2.1, Trinity; discussion of social models and Swinburne (1994).","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"}],"summary":"Swinburne’s social account treats Father, Son, and Spirit as distinct centers of consciousness, knowledge, will, and action. Their perfect love and coordinated action are meant to secure unity, while the account must explain why this does not amount to three gods."},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","date_note":"Placed by the approximate composition date of Against Praxeas, around 213 CE; this dates the textual context rather than the beginning of Tertullian's view.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Willem H. Oliver","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:tertullian-treatment:attestation","earliest_year":213,"event":"attestation","explanation":"The treatment is anchored to the approximate composition date of its associated work, not to the beginning or full duration of Tertullian's position.","latest_year":213,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:verbum-ecclesia-tertullian-2021:2026-10-12","locator":"Introduction and section: The composition of Adversus Praxeam","source_title":"The praxis of Adversus Praxeam: Tertullian's views on the Trinity","source_url":"https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S2074-77052021000100066&script=sci_arttext"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:treatment:trinity:tertullian","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:treatment:trinity:tertullian","kind":"treatment","label":"Tertullian on the Trinity","limitations":"This is explicitly the SEP's interpretive reconstruction, not an uncontested summary of Tertullian. Its characterization of the account as subordinationist and unipersonal differs from interpretations that place Against Praxeas broadly within the Catholic Rule of Faith of its own time. The latter disagreement is saved as a concrete follow-up. Do not treat use of trinitas or substantia as proof that Tertullian held the later Nicene doctrine.","scope":"The SEP's reconstruction of Tertullian's account in Against Praxeas, section 3.1.2, especially its reading of trinitas, substantia and the Father's unique source role.","sources":[{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:tertullian:2026-10-12","locator":"3.1.2 Tertullian","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Willem H. Oliver","capture_id":"local:capture:verbum-ecclesia-tertullian-2021:2026-10-12","locator":"Introduction and section: The composition of Adversus Praxeam","rights":"Open-access scholarly article consulted for chronology and a future comparison of interpretations; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:verbum-ecclesia-tertullian-2021","title":"The praxis of Adversus Praxeam: Tertullian's views on the Trinity","url":"https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S2074-77052021000100066&script=sci_arttext"}],"summary":"In Against Praxeas, Tertullian uses trinitas and shared-substance language to distinguish Father, Son and Spirit while opposing a view that collapses Father and Son. In the SEP's reconstruction, the Father remains the unique ultimate source and Son and Spirit are subordinate agents in creation and governance; this triad is therefore not the later account of one tripersonal God with three co-equal persons. The vocabulary later made Tertullian a retrospective forerunner, but the underlying account remains historically distinct."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date record; no new publication year is added here.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"E. M. Buytaert","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:work:abelard-theologia-christiana:composition","earliest_year":1124,"event":"composition","explanation":"Buytaert dates the initial composition to 1124–1125 and notes two later revisions; this dates the initial composition, not a single final state of the text.","latest_year":1125,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:source:buytaert-abelard-trinitarian-doctrine:1974:2026-10-13","locator":"“Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine,” pp. 139–140 (PDF pp. 153–154)","source_title":"Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine","source_url":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/51/74/2020715174/2020715174.pdf"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"composed in 1124–1125","target_id":"local:work:abelard-theologia-christiana","work_id":null,"work_label":null},{"attributed_to":"E. M. Buytaert","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:work:abelard-theologia-christiana:revision-window","earliest_year":1140,"event":"development","explanation":"Buytaert says a fourth redaction was apparently under consideration as late as 1140. This marks a possible revision-planning context, not a claim that the revision was completed.","latest_year":1140,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:source:buytaert-abelard-trinitarian-doctrine:1974:2026-10-13","locator":"“Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine,” p. 139 (PDF p. 154)","source_title":"Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine","source_url":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/51/74/2020715174/2020715174.pdf"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"as late as 1140, Abelard was apparently considering a fourth redaction","target_id":"local:work:abelard-theologia-christiana","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:abelard-theologia-christiana","kind":"work","label":"Theologia christiana (Christian Theology)","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Theology; discussion of Theologia christiana and the Trinity","title":"Peter Abelard — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/abelard/"},{"attribution":"E. M. Buytaert","capture_id":"local:source:buytaert-abelard-trinitarian-doctrine:1974:2026-10-13","locator":"“Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine,” pp. 139–140 (PDF pp. 153–154)","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:buytaert-abelard-trinitarian-doctrine:1974","title":"Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine","url":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/51/74/2020715174/2020715174.pdf"},{"attribution":"E. M. Buytaert","capture_id":"local:source:buytaert-abelard-trinitarian-doctrine:1974:2026-10-13","locator":"“Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine,” p. 139 (PDF p. 154)","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:buytaert-abelard-trinitarian-doctrine:1974","title":"Abelard’s Trinitarian Doctrine","url":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/51/74/2020715174/2020715174.pdf"}],"summary":"Theologia christiana develops Abelard’s speculative theology through close analysis of how divine unity and distinction can be expressed. Abelard brings dialectical distinctions to the Trinity, proposing an account of identity and difference that drew criticism for how it characterized the three persons."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date record; the SEP cites the work around 360 CE.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"BiblIndex","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:athanasius-serapion:composition","earliest_year":358,"event":"composition","explanation":"BiblIndex dates the Greek Letters to Serapion to 358–360.","latest_year":360,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:biblindex-serapion:2026-10-12","locator":"Work metadata: Period 358–360; theme Holy Spirit","source_title":"Athanasius Alexandrinus, Epistulae ad Serapionem","source_url":"https://www.biblindex.org/index.php/en/work-editions/lettres-a-serapion"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:work:athanasius-serapion","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:athanasius-serapion","kind":"work","label":"Letters to Serapion","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Supplement: History of Trinitarian Doctrines; discussion of Athanasius’ To Serapion","title":"Trinity — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2026 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/trinity/"},{"attribution":"BiblIndex","capture_id":"local:capture:biblindex-serapion:2026-10-12","locator":"Work metadata: Period 358–360; theme Holy Spirit","rights":"Public bibliographic record consulted for chronology; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:biblindex-serapion","title":"Athanasius Alexandrinus, Epistulae ad Serapionem","url":"https://www.biblindex.org/index.php/en/work-editions/lettres-a-serapion"}],"summary":"Athanasius’ Letters to Serapion defend the divinity of the Holy Spirit and extend pro-Nicene arguments about the Son to the Spirit. The letters provide an early statement that the whole Trinity is one God and are important evidence for fourth-century doctrinal development."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date record; no new precise composition year is asserted.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"John Marenbon","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:work:boethius-on-the-trinity:composition-context","earliest_year":519,"event":"composition","explanation":"The SEP presents the historical link as probable. The display anchor is circa 519; it does not establish the work’s exact composition date.","latest_year":519,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-boethius:2026-10-13","locator":"§4 The Theological Treatises, ¶1","source_title":"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"probably related to the 519 intervention of Scythian monks","target_id":"local:work:boethius-on-the-trinity","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:boethius-on-the-trinity","kind":"work","label":"On the Trinity (Treatise I)","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"1. Life and Works; discussion of the Theological Treatises","title":"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (revised 2021)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/"},{"attribution":"John Marenbon","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-boethius:2026-10-13","locator":"§4 The Theological Treatises, ¶1","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-boethius-current","title":"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/"}],"summary":"Boethius’ first theological treatise uses logical distinctions to analyze how Father, Son, and Spirit can be distinct without dividing divine substance. It connects Aristotelian categories and late antique Christian doctrine, while arguing that ordinary predication reaches limits when applied to God."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing composition range; the SEP gives a broad range around 399–422/426 CE.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Christian Tornau","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:trinity:augustine:composition","earliest_year":399,"event":"composition","explanation":"Begun in 399; completion in 419 or possibly as late as 426. Bounds retain the later possibility, not a claim of continuous composition through 426.","latest_year":426,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-augustine:fall2024:chronology","locator":"2. Work; De trinitate","source_title":"Augustine of Hippo","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/augustine/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:work:de-trinitate","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:de-trinitate","kind":"work","label":"On the Trinity (De Trinitate)","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"5. The Trinity; discussion of De Trinitate","title":"Saint Augustine — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2024 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/augustine/"},{"attribution":"Christian Tornau","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-augustine:fall2024:chronology","locator":"2. Work; De trinitate","rights":"Reference-only consultation; copyrighted SEP article text not stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-augustine:fall2024:chronology","title":"Augustine of Hippo","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/augustine/"}],"summary":"Augustine’s De Trinitate argues for the unity and distinction of Father, Son, and Spirit, then develops analogies from the human mind—memory, understanding, and will—as aids to thinking about the divine image. The work is a major source for Latin Trinitarian theology, while Augustine warns that the analogy remains limited."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date record; this card summarizes the work at orientation level.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Hannah Noël Black, citing Meredith, Radde-Gallwitz, Norris, Zachhuber, and Silvas","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:gregory-great-catechism:composition","earliest_year":385,"event":"composition","explanation":"A Cambridge doctoral thesis reports the evidence for a date in 385 or later and cites Anna Silvas's winter 386–387 dating. The combined 385–387 range preserves that disagreement and is approximate.","latest_year":387,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:cambridge-black-gregory-soteriology:2026-10-12","locator":"Chapter Four, opening chronology note and footnotes 2–3","source_title":"Gregory of Nyssa’s Soteriological Imaginary as a Resource for Nonviolent Soteriology","source_url":"https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/4df09aae-b30b-4aaa-960e-983d3ff57d15/content"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Written in 385 or later; one scholarly dating places it in winter 386–387","target_id":"local:work:gregory-great-catechism","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:gregory-great-catechism","kind":"work","label":"Great Catechism (Oratio catechetica magna)","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"3.3.1 Gregory of Nyssa; bibliography and works","title":"Gregory of Nyssa — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (via Trinity history and related entry)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Hannah Noël Black","capture_id":"local:capture:cambridge-black-gregory-soteriology:2026-10-12","locator":"Chapter Four, opening chronology note and footnotes 2–3","rights":"Open-access doctoral thesis consulted for work chronology; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:cambridge-black-gregory-soteriology","title":"Gregory of Nyssa’s Soteriological Imaginary as a Resource for Nonviolent Soteriology","url":"https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/4df09aae-b30b-4aaa-960e-983d3ff57d15/content"}],"summary":"Gregory of Nyssa’s Great Catechism presents a systematic defense of Christian teaching, including creation, human nature, incarnation, resurrection, and salvation. It connects his philosophical account of divine and human nature with the theological commitments developed in his other works."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date record; the work’s exact composition date remains approximate.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Catholic Culture editorial provenance note","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:gregory-not-three-gods:composition","earliest_year":375,"event":"composition","explanation":"The reference notes a conventional assignment to 375 and arguments for a later date around 390; both are preserved as bounds.","latest_year":390,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:catholicculture-gregory-not-three:2026-10-12","locator":"Provenance note","source_title":"Gregory of Nyssa: On Not Three Gods","source_url":"https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/fathers/view.cfm?recnum=2311"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:work:gregory-not-three-gods","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:gregory-not-three-gods","kind":"work","label":"To Ablabius: On Not Three Gods","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"3.3.1 Gregory of Nyssa; An Answer to Ablabius","title":"Trinity > History of Trinitarian Doctrines — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Catholic Culture editorial provenance note","capture_id":"local:capture:catholicculture-gregory-not-three:2026-10-12","locator":"Provenance note","rights":"Public reference page consulted for disputed work chronology; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:catholicculture-gregory-not-three","title":"Gregory of Nyssa: On Not Three Gods","url":"https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/fathers/view.cfm?recnum=2311"}],"summary":"In To Ablabius, Gregory of Nyssa answers the objection that three divine persons sharing one nature should count as three gods, just as three humans are three human beings. He argues that divine action is one operation of the Father through the Son in the Spirit, while cautioning against treating human and divine nature as exactly parallel."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing activity/composition date record; the exact chronology may be approximate.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:work:gregory-sentences-commentary:lecture-date","earliest_year":1343,"event":"composition","explanation":"The source states the lecture years but notes the lecture records were subject to revision; written commentary continued to be revised until 1346.","latest_year":1344,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":true,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§1 Life and Work, ¶2","source_title":"Gregory of Rimini","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"lectures on the Sentences were given in 1343–44","target_id":"local:work:gregory-sentences-commentary","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:gregory-sentences-commentary","kind":"work","label":"Sentences commentary (Books I–II)","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"1. Life and Work; works and Sentences commentary","title":"Gregory of Rimini — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/gregory-rimini/"},{"attribution":"Christopher Schabel and Charles Girard","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-gregory-rimini:2026-10-14","locator":"§1 Life and Work, ¶2","rights":"SEP reference article; reference-only consultation, no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-gregory-rimini:2026","title":"Gregory of Rimini","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gregory-rimini/"}],"summary":"Gregory of Rimini’s Sentences commentary belongs to the central scholastic practice of interpreting Peter Lombard’s theological textbook through lectures, questions, and disputation. Gregory’s commentary carries his distinctive analysis of propositions and theological claims within the fourteenth-century Oxford–Paris scholastic conversation."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced publication/lecture chronology; the source distinguishes Hegel's lectures from posthumous editions.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Open Library bibliographic record; edition edited by Peter C. Hodgson","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:hegel-lectures-religion:delivery","earliest_year":1821,"event":"composition","explanation":"The bibliographic record identifies lecture series delivered in 1821, 1824, 1827 and 1831. The range represents repeated delivery and revision, not continuous composition.","latest_year":1831,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:openlibrary-hegel-religion:2026-10-12","locator":"Edition description: lecture series delivered in 1821, 1824, 1827, and 1831","source_title":"Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion: The Lectures of 1827","source_url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24189177M/Lectures_on_the_philosophy_of_religion"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:work:hegel-lectures-religion","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:hegel-lectures-religion","kind":"work","label":"Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Religion; Absolute Spirit; bibliography of the Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion","title":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/"},{"attribution":"Open Library bibliographic record; edition edited by Peter C. Hodgson","capture_id":"local:capture:openlibrary-hegel-religion:2026-10-12","locator":"Edition description: lecture series delivered in 1821, 1824, 1827, and 1831","rights":"Public bibliographic page consulted for lecture-series chronology; no book text stored.","source_id":"local:source:openlibrary-hegel-religion","title":"Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion: The Lectures of 1827","url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24189177M/Lectures_on_the_philosophy_of_religion"}],"summary":"Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion treat religion as a form in which spirit represents and comes to consciousness of its content. The lectures give Christianity a culminating role, while distinguishing religious representation from philosophy’s conceptual account; the published volumes were assembled posthumously from lecture materials."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date record; the source passage is identified as First Apology 60.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Wikipedia contributors","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:logos:justin:composition","earliest_year":155,"event":"composition","explanation":"Provisional whole-work composition range reported by the cited encyclopedia revision; not a precise passage date.","latest_year":157,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:wiki-chronology:justin:1372549261","locator":"Justin Martyr’s life and background; dating paragraph and citation 3.","source_title":"First Apology of Justin Martyr","source_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Apology_of_Justin_Martyr&oldid=1372549261"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:work:justin-first-apology","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:justin-first-apology","kind":"work","label":"First Apology","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"3.1.1 The One God in the Trinity; First Apology 60","title":"Trinity > History of Trinitarian Doctrines — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-history:logos-packet:2026-10-12","locator":"1. Introduction","rights":"Copyright 2020 Dale Tuggy. Reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-history:fall2024","title":"History of Trinitarian Doctrines","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Wikipedia contributors","capture_id":"local:capture:wiki-chronology:justin:1372549261","locator":"Justin Martyr’s life and background; dating paragraph and citation 3.","rights":"CC BY-SA 4.0; reference-only chronology consultation; no article text copied.","source_id":"local:source:wiki-chronology:justin","title":"First Apology of Justin Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Apology_of_Justin_Martyr&oldid=1372549261"}],"summary":"Justin’s First Apology defends Christian beliefs and practices to Roman authorities. In chapter 60 he reads Plato’s Timaeus through Logos language and invokes a reference to the Spirit; historians caution that this ordered triad is not yet the later doctrine of the Trinity."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing sourced publication date.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Brian Leftow","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:leftow-work-publication","earliest_year":2004,"event":"publication","explanation":"Publication year of “A Latin Trinity,” Faith and Philosophy 21(3), 304–333.","latest_year":2004,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:oxford-leftow:2026-10-13","locator":"Publications, “A Latin Trinity”","source_title":"Brian Leftow — University of Oxford Faculty of Philosophy","source_url":"https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/brian-leftow"},{"capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Publication details","source_title":"A Latin Trinity","source_url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"July 2004","target_id":"local:work:leftow-a-latin-trinity","work_id":null,"work_label":null},{"attributed_to":"Brian Leftow","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:leftow-work:publication","earliest_year":2004,"event":"publication","explanation":"Publication year of “A Latin Trinity,” Faith and Philosophy 21(3), 304–333.","latest_year":2004,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:oxford-leftow:2026-10-13","locator":"Publications, “A Latin Trinity”","source_title":"Brian Leftow — University of Oxford Faculty of Philosophy","source_url":"https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/brian-leftow"},{"capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Publication details","source_title":"A Latin Trinity","source_url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"July 2004","target_id":"local:work:leftow-a-latin-trinity","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:leftow-a-latin-trinity","kind":"work","label":"A Latin Trinity","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Publications; A Latin Trinity (Faith and Philosophy 21, 2004)","title":"Brian Leftow — University of Oxford Faculty of Philosophy","url":"https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/brian-leftow"},{"attribution":"University of Oxford Faculty of Philosophy","capture_id":"local:capture:oxford-leftow:2026-10-13","locator":"Publications, “A Latin Trinity”","rights":"Reference-only institutional biography and publication list; no page text copied.","source_id":"local:source:oxford-leftow:profile","title":"Brian Leftow — University of Oxford Faculty of Philosophy","url":"https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/brian-leftow"},{"attribution":"Brian Leftow","capture_id":"local:capture:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","locator":"Publication details","rights":"Bibliographic and abstract reference only; no article text copied.","source_id":"local:source:leftow-a-latin-trinity:2004","title":"A Latin Trinity","url":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol21/iss3/3/"}],"summary":"In “A Latin Trinity,” Brian Leftow develops an analytic model intended to explain how three divine persons can be distinct while there is one God. The essay is a major contemporary contribution to Latin-style Trinitarian theory and is best read alongside social models and their objections."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"The SEP dates Numenius broadly to the mid-second century CE, but no independent composition date for On the Good is established. The work is fragmentary; use the author's period only as contextual placement, not a precise publication date.","dates":[],"id":"local:work:numenius-on-the-good","kind":"work","label":"On the Good (Numenius)","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. Life and Work; Numenius’ Platonism","title":"Numenius — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/numenius/"},{"attribution":"George Karamanolis","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-numenius:2026-10-13","locator":"§1, Life and Work; discussion of On the Good","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-numenius:current","title":"Numenius","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius/"}],"summary":"On the Good was a multi-book work in which Numenius interpreted Plato’s Idea of the Good and set out a hierarchy of intelligible principles. It survives only through fragments and quotations in later authors, especially Eusebius, so its argument must be reconstructed from mediated evidence."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date record; this orientation adds no chronology assertion.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"John Behr","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:origen-first-principles:composition","earliest_year":220,"event":"composition","explanation":"John Behr's scholarly edition record dates the work's composition to around 220–230 CE; the range is approximate and the surviving textual transmission is complex.","latest_year":230,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:vu-behr-origen-principles:2026-10-12","locator":"Abstract and work metadata","source_title":"Origen: On First Principles","source_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/origen-on-first-principles/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:work:origen-first-principles","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:origen-first-principles","kind":"work","label":"On First Principles","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"1. Origen’s Life and Work; discussion of On First Principles","title":"Origen — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (revised 2026)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/origen/"},{"attribution":"John Behr","capture_id":"local:capture:vu-behr-origen-principles:2026-10-12","locator":"Abstract and work metadata","rights":"Public academic catalogue record consulted for work chronology; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:vu-behr-origen-principles","title":"Origen: On First Principles","url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/origen-on-first-principles/"}],"summary":"On First Principles is Origen’s systematic exploration of God, creation, rational beings, freedom, scripture, and restoration. The work combines philosophical argument with biblical interpretation and survives in a transmission history that requires care when distinguishing Origen’s own text from later translation and controversy."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date record; Philo's exact lifespan is uncertain.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Wikipedia contributors","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:logos:philo:composition","earliest_year":30,"event":"composition","explanation":"Provisional whole-work composition range reported by the cited encyclopedia revision; not a precise passage date.","latest_year":40,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:wiki-chronology:philo:1353355019","locator":"Opening paragraph and citation 1 (Runia 2001, pp. 1–4); cited book not independently checked.","source_title":"De opificio mundi","source_url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_opificio_mundi&oldid=1353355019"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:work:philo-creation","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:philo-creation","kind":"work","label":"On the Creation of the World","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Philo’s works; On the Creation of the World","title":"Philo of Alexandria — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/philo/"},{"attribution":"Marian Hillar","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-philo:2026-10-12","locator":"Sections 2 and 9a","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; reference-only consultation, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-philo","title":"Philo of Alexandria","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/philo/"},{"attribution":"Wikipedia contributors","capture_id":"local:capture:wiki-chronology:philo:1353355019","locator":"Opening paragraph and citation 1 (Runia 2001, pp. 1–4); cited book not independently checked.","rights":"CC BY-SA 4.0; reference-only chronology consultation; no article text copied.","source_id":"local:source:wiki-chronology:philo","title":"De opificio mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_opificio_mundi&oldid=1353355019"}],"summary":"On the Creation of the World reads the opening of Genesis through philosophical cosmology, bringing biblical creation into conversation with Platonic accounts of order and intelligibility. It is one of Philo’s sustained treatments of the relation between Mosaic scripture and Greek philosophical thought."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing publication date record; the cited institutional profile confirms the work's association with Moreland.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Dale Tuggy","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:work:philosophical-foundations-christian-worldview:publication","earliest_year":2003,"event":"publication","explanation":"SEP bibliography identifies the coauthored work as published in 2003.","latest_year":2003,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-model:fall2012:2026-10-13","locator":"Bibliography, Moreland and Craig 2003","source_title":"Trinity","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/trinity/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"2003","target_id":"local:work:philosophical-foundations-christian-worldview","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:philosophical-foundations-christian-worldview","kind":"work","label":"Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Biography and Books; Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview","title":"J. P. Moreland — Biola University","url":"https://www.biola.edu/directory/people/jp-moreland"},{"attribution":"Dale Tuggy","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-trinity-model:fall2012:2026-10-13","locator":"Bibliography, Moreland and Craig 2003","rights":"SEP reference-only consultation; no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-trinity-model:fall2012","title":"Trinity","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/trinity/"}],"summary":"Moreland and Craig’s Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview surveys major philosophical questions in a framework aimed at defending and explaining Christian belief. It brings metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and philosophy of religion together as a contemporary reference work rather than a focused treatment of the Trinity alone."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing approximate date record; the work belongs to the historical author's late fifth/early sixth-century corpus.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:work:pseudo-dionysius-divine-names:composition","earliest_year":485,"event":"composition","explanation":"SEP brackets authorship of the Dionysian corpus between Proclus’s death in 485 and the first clear citations by Severus of Antioch in 518–528. The upper edge uses 528 as the conservative outer bound; this is broad corpus-authorship context, not a precise date for this individual treatise.","latest_year":528,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023:2026-10-13","locator":"§1, Persona; §3.2, On the Divine Names","source_title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"Authorship between 485 CE and the first clear citations dated 518–528 CE","target_id":"local:work:pseudo-dionysius-divine-names","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:pseudo-dionysius-divine-names","kind":"work","label":"On the Divine Names","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"3.2 On the Divine Names; 4. Sources, Ideas, and Terms","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (revised 2023)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"},{"attribution":"Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington","capture_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023:2026-10-13","locator":"§1, Persona; §3.2, On the Divine Names","rights":"Reference-only consultation; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-pseudo-dionysius:sum2023","title":"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/"}],"summary":"On the Divine Names examines names applied to God, including goodness, being, life, and wisdom, while insisting that God exceeds ordinary predicates. The work combines Christian scriptural theology with Neoplatonic language about unity, procession, and the intelligible structure of reality."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing composition range; SEP lists 1267–1273 and notes it was unfinished at Aquinas’s death.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Robert Pasnau","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:trinity:aquinas:composition","earliest_year":1267,"event":"composition","explanation":"Composition range reported by this source for the whole work; not a precise date for I.27–43.","latest_year":1273,"precision":"range","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-aquinas:fall2024:chronology","locator":"Bibliography A1. 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Theological Syntheses; Summa theologiae","rights":"Reference-only consultation; copyrighted SEP article text not stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-aquinas:fall2024:chronology","title":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/aquinas/"}],"summary":"The Summa theologiae is Aquinas’s comprehensive, unfinished theological work, organized as a sequence of questions and articles. It treats the Trinity, divine attributes, creation, human action, and salvation alongside philosophical questions, and represents Aquinas’s considered account across a wide range of topics."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing date record; this orientation does not add a new composition claim.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"Willem H. Oliver","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:tertullian-against-praxeas:composition","earliest_year":213,"event":"composition","explanation":"Oliver dates Against Praxeas to ca. 213 CE, shortly after Tertullian joined the New Prophecy; stored as an approximate composition anchor.","latest_year":213,"precision":"circa","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:verbum-ecclesia-tertullian-2021:2026-10-12","locator":"Introduction and section: The composition of Adversus Praxeam","source_title":"The praxis of Adversus Praxeam: Tertullian's views on the Trinity","source_url":"https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S2074-77052021000100066&script=sci_arttext"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":null,"target_id":"local:work:tertullian-against-praxeas","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:tertullian-against-praxeas","kind":"work","label":"Against Praxeas","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"3.1.2 Tertullian","title":"Trinity > History of Trinitarian Doctrines — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html"},{"attribution":"Willem H. Oliver","capture_id":"local:capture:verbum-ecclesia-tertullian-2021:2026-10-12","locator":"Introduction and section: The composition of Adversus Praxeam","rights":"Open-access scholarly article consulted for chronology and a future comparison of interpretations; no source text stored.","source_id":"local:source:verbum-ecclesia-tertullian-2021","title":"The praxis of Adversus Praxeam: Tertullian's views on the Trinity","url":"https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S2074-77052021000100066&script=sci_arttext"}],"summary":"Against Praxeas argues against a modalist account that collapses Father and Son and sets out Tertullian’s subordinationist account of Father, Son, and Spirit sharing substance. Its use of trinitas is historically important, but its model differs from later orthodox claims about one tripersonal God."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"Uses the graph's existing publication date record; the Academy profile lists the work and edition.","dates":[{"attributed_to":"William Wood","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:christian-god:publication","earliest_year":1994,"event":"publication","explanation":"Publication year of the cited work The Christian God.","latest_year":1994,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; bibliography entry for Swinburne 1994","source_title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"1994","target_id":"local:work:the-christian-god","work_id":null,"work_label":null},{"attributed_to":"William Wood","basis":"direct","calendar":"historical_BCE_CE","date_record_id":"local:date:frontier5:social-work-publication","earliest_year":1994,"event":"publication","explanation":"Publication year of The Christian God as cited in SEP §2.1.","latest_year":1994,"precision":"year","preferred_for_timeline":false,"references":[{"capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Swinburne (1994)","source_title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","source_url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"}],"review_state":"assistant_checked_against_source","source_date_text":"1994","target_id":"local:work:the-christian-god","work_id":null,"work_label":null}],"id":"local:work:the-christian-god","kind":"work","label":"The Christian God","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Publications; The Christian God (Oxford University Press, 1994)","title":"Professor Richard Swinburne FBA — The British Academy","url":"https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/profiles/richard-swinburne-FBA/"},{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; bibliography entry for Swinburne 1994","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"},{"attribution":"William Wood","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:2026-10-13","locator":"§2.1, Trinity; Swinburne (1994)","rights":"Reference-only scholarly consultation; no SEP text copied.","source_id":"local:source:sep-philosophy-christian-theology:current","title":"Philosophy and Christian Theology","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/"}],"summary":"The Christian God is Swinburne’s systematic account of the Christian conception of God and central divine attributes. It applies contemporary analytic philosophy to questions about divine existence, knowledge, power, goodness, and the coherence of Christian theism."},{"attribution":"","date_note":"The IEP says the date and order of Plato's dialogues are not known exactly and scholars disagree over Timaeus’ placement. A conventional approximate period exists, but no exact year is entered; chronology needs an explicitly approximate, sourced range.","dates":[],"id":"local:work:timaeus","kind":"work","label":"Timaeus","limitations":"","scope":"","sources":[{"locator":"Introduction; 1. The Demiurge; The World-Soul; The Receptacle; Necessity","title":"Plato’s Timaeus — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 archive)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/plato-timaeus/"},{"attribution":"Frank Grabowski","capture_id":"local:capture:iep-timaeus:packet7:2026-10-12","locator":"Section 2, Date of Composition","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for research, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:iep-timaeus","title":"Plato: The Timaeus","url":"https://iep.utm.edu/timaeus/"},{"attribution":"Donald Zeyl and Barbara Sattler","capture_id":"local:capture:sep-timaeus:packet7:2026-10-12","locator":"Sections 2 and 4, interpretive question and status of the account","rights":"Copyrighted reference article; consulted for research and chronology context, no article text stored.","source_id":"local:source:sep-timaeus","title":"Plato’s Timaeus","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-timaeus/"}],"summary":"Plato’s Timaeus gives a cosmological account of how a divine craftsman orders the universe by reference to an intelligible model, while discussing the World Soul, the receptacle, and necessity. Its influence on later Platonism, Christian thought, and medieval cosmology makes it a key bridge in this collection."}],"presentation":{"tick_years":500,"type":"time_ribbon","year_max":2050,"year_min":-450},"scenes":[{"accent":"#557c80","date_window":[-430,170],"era":"Classical and Middle Platonism · approximate placement","focus_ids":["local:treatment:timaeus:world-soul","local:treatment:logos:philo","local:treatment:numenius:three-divine-principles"],"id":"precursors","node_ids":["local:treatment:timaeus:world-soul","local:treatment:logos:philo","local:treatment:numenius:three-divine-principles","local:treatment:timaeus:cosmic-design","local:entity:philo","local:entity:logos","local:entity:numenius","local:entity:plato","local:entity:demiurge-intelligible-model","local:entity:three-divine-principles","local:entity:timaeus-world-soul","local:work:numenius-on-the-good","local:work:philo-creation","local:work:timaeus"],"question":"What conceptual shapes existed before Christian Trinitarian argument?","support_ids":["local:treatment:timaeus:cosmic-design","local:entity:philo","local:entity:logos"],"title":"Precursors · The shape of a whole","transition":"opening; 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